摘要:

ABSTRACTThere are four stages in the acquisition of skeletal responses when employing Pavlovian methodology: contingency detection, response selection, response acquisition, and response shaping. A two‐phase output model describes in detail the underlying response likelihood changes across the first three of the stages. Phase 1 of the model applies to the first two stages while Phase 2 applies to stage three. It was shown that Phases 1 and 2 are independent by virtue of the fact that shifts in the parameters of one are not necessarily correlated with changes in the parameters of the other and the fact that independent variable manipulations which affect one Phase do not necessarily influence the other. These results imply that there is no single, continuous underlying associative strength function across trial

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02309.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02310.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTonic changes in heart rate (HR) and somatic motor activity were monitored in 70 Type A and 70 Type B males to determine if these groups differ in psychologically‐mediated HR reactivity to a specific appetitive situation. A and B types were defined by extreme scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey. Subjects performed a continuous button‐pushing task during a practice trial and 4 trials involving high (loss of money), low (loss of points), or no response cost (RC) for performance failure, and high, moderate, low, or no levels of failure feedback on performance. Greater HR increases from practice were predicted for high RC vs. low RC, and for Type As vs. Type Bs. Additionally, in the high RC condition, HR was expected to diminish across trials more in those receiving high and low failure feedback compared with those receiving moderate failure feedback. Results confirmed the first two expectations. Furthermore, the HR difference between Type As and Type Bs was magnified under high RC conditions. The last expectation was not confirmed, but further analyses suggested that failure feedback influenced Type Bs but not Type As. Greater intrinsic appetitive motivation of Type As may account for their greater HR increase in response to opportunities for active avoidance, as well as for rew

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02311.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe endogenous eyeblink is identified as a cortically controlled response event, distinguishable from both reflexive and voluntary lid movements. It has a characteristic rate, form, and temporal distribution. These aspects of endogenous blinks are related to cognitive state variables. Allocation of attentional resources, transition points in information processing flow, and possibly processing mode, are indexed by blink parameters.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02312.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTTask‐dependent lateralization of the 40 Hz EEG rhythm was investigated in 15 right‐handed male adults during the performance of verbal analogy and geometric figure rotation tasks. Forty Hz EMG recorded from the temporal and splenius muscles was similarly examined. Results indicate that 40 Hz EEG is asymmetrically distributed during cognitive performance, varying as a function of cognitive processsing. The range of laterality scores also varied by condition, with the largest variation present during baseline conditions and smallest recorded during the presentation of the verbal analogies task, suggesting that individual cognitive styles tend to vary more during less structured situations. No relationship between 40 Hz EMG and task was obtai

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02313.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02314.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe cardiovascular responsivity of women demonstrating the Type A coronary‐prone behavior pattern was investigated by presenting female Type A and Type B subjects with a challenging mental arithmetic task. Female subjects responded to the task with elevations in heart rate, blood pressure, and forearm blood flow, but did not show the active vasodilatation in the forearm vasculature seen in males in an earlier study. Type A females as a group were not hyperresponsive compared to Type B. However, measures of Type A behavior interacted with family history of hypertension such that, in the subgroup with a positive family history, the Type A behavior pattern was associated with larger cardiovascular responses. The results suggest that sex differences could be present in the expression of the cardiovascular concomitants of Type A behavior. Both gender and family history of cardiovascular disease may represent additional dimensions in the understanding of the pathological mechanisms linking Type A behavior and coronary diseas

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02315.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the effectiveness of laryngeal muscle biofeedback, a common treatment for subvocalization, utilizing a strict control group structure. Subjects were 29 undergraduates assigned to Laryngeal Feedback (N = 10), Masseter Feedback (N = 10), or No Feedback Control (N = 9) conditions. The results indicated that laryngeal muscle biofeedback had no specific treatment effect; however, masseter biofeedback demonstrated a specific treatment effect when the new procedure was utilized. Subjects in the Masseter Feedback Group displayed masseter EMG levels which were substantially lower than subjects in the Laryngeal Feedback Group (p<.05). In order to validate the results of the biofeedback control procedure, accuracy of myogenic perception was also tested, and found to be significant for the masseter (p<.001) but not for the laryngeal muscle. It is shown that the biofeedback control procedure can more accurately assess the presence or absence of specific treatment effects in biofeedback. Theoretical implications of the myogenic perception concept are discussed, and suggestions for future research in biofeedback and myogenic perception are provided.

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02316.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe current study was concerned with the discrimination of 12–15 Hz (15μV) surface cortical EEG, recorded over the dominant hemisphere. This EEG bandwidth is sometimes called the SMR (sensorimotor rhythm), and has been associated with seizure reduction. Thirty‐six normal subjects were divided into three groups and exposed to three methods of discrimination training: response feedback, production feedback, and no‐feedback control. In the initial assessment session, all subjects were asked to detect the presence of SMR by pressing a response button in the absence of feedback. Over the next 4 training sessions, the control group continued without feedback, while the response feedback group received feedback (tone) for correct discriminations, and the production group received feedback for producing the SMR signal. Discrimination performance was assessed during a 15‐min no‐feedback test period, following each feedback segment. The final session took place two weeks after training had been completed and was the same as session 1. The results showed that both experimental groups improved discrimination accuracy over baseline, and relative to the control group. Performance of the groups at baseline was not significantly different, ranging between 16% and 29% correct. Peak performance during training showed that both experimental groups improved over baseline and relative to the control group, averaging 17%, 43% and 78% correct for the control, response and production feedback groups, respectively. In the final assessment, all groups deteriorated in performance, but the production group remained significantly above baseline levels. No changes in average SMR time or frontal EMG were noted. However, time spent in the occipital alpha bandwidth 8–13 Hz (25μV) did increase in the best discriminators. This may indicate some discrimination of subjective sensations associated with SMR discrimina

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02317.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02318.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1984

数据来源: WILEY