摘要:

ABSTRACTThis study examined heart rate, finger pulse volume, and skin conductance responses in subjects conditioned to fear‐relevant (snakes and spiders) and fear‐irrelevant (flowers and mushrooms) slide stimuli by an electric shock unconditioned stimulus. A differential conditioning paradigm with an interstimulus interval of 8 sec was used. There were 4 habituation, 8 acquisition, and 20 extinction trials with each of the two cues. The results demonstrated reliable acquisition for finger pulse volume and skin conductance responses, with superior resistance to extinction for the fear‐relevant conditioned stimuli. The heart rate data showed no differentiation between reinforced and nonreinforced cues during acquisition and extinction, and no effect of fear‐relevance. This discrepancy between skin conductance and finger pulse volume responses, on the one hand, and heart rate, on the other, was interpreted as due to differences in innervation, with the former measures mainly reflecting sympathetic and the latter parasympathetic

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01428.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTHeart rate, skin potential, respiratory rate, and electromyographic activity from the biceps muscle were monitored while subjects performed the Embedded Figures Test. Increases in the phasic and tonic components of skin potential responding and in respiratory rate were noted during the presentation of embedded‐figure stimuli. A bidirectional change in heart rate consisting of an initial decrease followed by an increase was noted during the stimuli. In addition, differential changes in heart rate, skin potential phasic responding, and biceps muscle tension occurred preceding correctly solved and unsolved problems. Lowered heart rate and lowered rates of biceps electromyographic activity were detected during the presentation of the simple figure of solved problems relative to unsolved problems. Lower rates of skin potential phasic responding were noted during the simple figure of solved problems (relative to unsolved problems) for field dependent subjects. For field independent subjects, this differential pattern of skin potential phasic responding was reversed. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical positions formulated by the Laceys and by Obris

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01429.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFifteen college students attempted to deceive a professional polygraph examiner, while 15 others who had nothing to hide also submitted to the examination. The examiner was blind as to whether each subject was deceptive or truthful. Using the skin conductance response (SCR), significant discrimination was made between deceptive and truthful subjects with both “guilty person” and “guilty knowledge” polygraph tests. On both types of test, however, subjects who were not detected were significantly less socialized (Socialization Scale of the California Psychological Inventory) than those who were detected. This reduced susceptibility to detection was mediated by a reduced SCR to deception among low‐socialization subjects. Among innocent subjects the highly socialized were more responsive electrodermally throughout the test, leading some of them to be misclassified as deceptive on at least one test. Implications of the results for both detection of deception and the construct of socialization are

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEighteen hyperactive clinical responders to methylphenidate were taken off medication and tested in two sessions during which they received an acute dose of methylphenidate and placebo in counterbalanced order. Seventeen normal boys of comparable age were tested without drugs. For both samples, evoked potentials were recorded during a Continuous Performance Test. Normal children made fewer errors of commission and omission and displayed faster reaction times than hyperactives tested under placebo. In addition, under active attention, the late positive component (LPC) of placebo‐treated hyperactive boys' evoked responses exhibited smaller amplitude than normal controls'. Methylphenidate increased the amplitude of hyperactive patients' LPC and generally ameliorated their performance, especially commission errors and reaction times. The results confirmed previous findings of attentional disturbance in hyperactivity and normalization by methylphenidate of these patients' performance and electrophysiological activity during sustained attentio

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe study was designed to examine the relationship between electrodermal frequency (EF) and skin conductance level (SCL) in a paradigm that has previously demonstrated that these measures can operate independently. Electrodermal activity was recorded during 3 10‐min periods. All subjects rested during the first and last periods. Half of the subjects rested during the second period, and half were in a shock‐threat condition. Between the second and third periods a fresh electrode set was applied, and the subjects either inflated a balloon, operated a pursuit rotor, or were interviewed. Both measures were low for the rest periods and high during the shock‐threat condition except during the last rest period when SC was unexpectedly high, thus replicating previous research. However, application of new electrodes in the last period demonstrated that this high SCL was due to a time dependent effect, probably hydration, and was not due to the differential effects of stress and cognitive activity on the two electrodermal mea

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThis paper presents three experiments which were designed to investigate the effects of changes in verbal stimulus meaning on magnitude of the skin conductance response (SCR) component of the orienting response (OR). In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects received 12 visual presentations of a single word stimulus followed by a test trial involving change. The results of Experiment 1 (N = 48) indicated that a test stimulus which constituted change in meaning and taxonomic category induced larger responses than did a change in meaning alone, which in turn induced larger responses than did a control condition of no change. Experiment 2 (N = 64) investigated the effects of both semantic and acoustic changes and the results indicated that only semantic changes resulted in test trial SCRs which were larger than those in the control condition. Experiment 3 (N = 48) investigated the effects on SCR magnitude of within‐ and between‐taxonomic category shifts following habituation training with 4 examples of the category. In this case, only the between‐category change resulted in SCRs which were larger than those in the control condition of no change. The results of all three experiments were interpreted as support for Sokolov's (1963) claim that the meaning of verbal stimuli is encoded during habituation. Moreover, the results of Experiment 1 indicate that responsiveness on a change trial is a positive function of the amount of change, while the results of Experiment 3 suggest that when a number of examples of a word class are employed during habituation, the semantic characteristics of that class are en

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTEmploying a semi‐Markov model, all‐night sleep‐wake patterns of 68 full‐term, normal infants, 32 at 2 mos and 36 at 9 mos of age, were analyzed. The results are compared to the changes in proportional relationships of sleep‐wake states with age and to the time series method of binary autocorrelation. Simulated nights of sleep were also computed using parameters derived from the semi‐Markov model.We conclude that the sleep process in infants meets the assumptions of a semi‐Markov model and that using such a model provides information about the maturation of transition and sequencing mechanisms of sleep‐wake states. Simulating sleep patterns offers an opportunity to model hypothetical disturbances of sleep and assess the effectiveness of potentia

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0048-5772    

DOI:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb01437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY