ISSN:0368-2935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02074.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Summary.The following is an attempt to summarize this paper, which is itself a summary: —1The vicinity of Hog Harbour, 15° S. in the New Hebrides, Pacific Ocean, was chosen for a study of the breeding seasons of vertebrates in a particularly unvarying tropical rain‐forest region. The mean temperature of the hottest month is only about 2° C. higher than that of the coolest, and there is no dry season (though one part of the year is wetter than the other).2The animals chosen for intensive study were a fruit‐bat(Pteropus geddiei), an insectivorous bat(Miniopterus australis), a passerine bird (Pachycephala pectoralis) and a lizard (the skink,Emoia cyanura).3Pteropus, MiniopterusandPachycephalaeach had one breeding season during the year of observation. The main period of fertilization of ova was February and March forPteropus, early September forMiniopterus, and July forPachycephala. Emoiabred throughout the year, but much more rapidly during November and December than during May and June.4It is almost certain that the breeding seasons are annually recurrent.5It is certain that increasing length of day does not stimulate the growth of the testes ofPachycephala.From their minimum size in December the testes grew larger by regular monthly increments throughout the period (January to June) during which the days were growing shorter; and while the days were growing longer from October to December, the testes were shrinking to less than one‐fortieth of their maximum size.6Miniopterushangs throughout the period of daylight till about ten minutes before sunset in a dark and almost thermostatic cave situated in one of the most unvarying climates in the world, but it did not fertilize its eggs throughout the year of observation except during a few days about the beginning of September, when most of the adult females suddenly became pregnant.7It seems probable that the breeding seasons of the animals investigated arc regulated by some altogether unsuspected cause

ISSN:0368-2935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02075.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0368-2935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02076.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper is the first half of a longer one left unfinished by Dr. Pilgrim when he died. The MS. of this part was in its final form, and the author had begun to type it. No draft of the second part, which was to have dealt with the relation of these groups to the remainder of the Pecora, was found.

ISSN:0368-2935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02077.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SUMMARY.Although some of the details of the structure of Lyomeri have been rather carefully studied, as for instance the minute structure of the gut, kidneys, of some bones and cartilages by Nussbaum‐Hilarowiez, and the proportions of parts of the body by Bertin, the main characters of Lyomeri have not attracted the attention of scientists and the systematic position of the group is most uncertain.The Lyomeri have a branchial apparatus built differently from other fiches; the Lyomeri have no proper gill cover and no bones supporting such cover. InEury‐pharynxthere aresixfunctional visceral clefts andfiveholobranchs (inSaccopharynxthe hind cleft and the hind gill are reduced). The bone forming the upper jaw of Lyomeri lies medially to the hyomandibular, mandibular and the quadrate. The radials of the lobate pectorals articulate with the basal cartilages of the lobes but not with the pectoral girdle. The rays of the fins of Lyomeri are ossified, but soft and not segmented. The disposition of the series of the lateral line on the head is unusual. There is a series along the edge of the upper jaw, a series along the suspensorium, and one parallel to the suspensorium along the cheek, from the orbit to the posterior end of the opercular fold. There is no lateral line along the mandible.Several more characters of Lyomeri stress the peculiarity of this group. The Lyomeri have no supraoccipital, and no lateral ethmoids; the prootics ofEurypharynxextend anteriorly into the interorbital septum beyond the hypophysis and the trigeminus‐facialis ganglion; parts of the neurocranium are movably articulated; the cover bones of the roof of the cranium are unusual; there are no vomer arid parasphenoid inSaccopharynx(these bones are present, but much reduced inEurypharynx).It seems possible, from the present study, that the upper jaw of Lyomeri is formed by the elements of the mandibular arch, that the anterior visceral cleft of Lyomeri is not a branchial but a prehyoid cleft, and that the cartilages supporting the septum behind this cleft are the ‘missing’ ventral elements of the hyoid arch*.However, as in the specimens studied by me the cephalic nerves are partly lost their course could not be followed.Thus these two main features of Lyomeri still remain uncertain.An attempt at a general characterization of Lyomeri and of the two fanlilich of this group is made in Part II of this paper. In Part III a brief comparison of Lyomeri with the Osteichthyes generally, and with some peculiar Actinopterygians, is given.In Part I the specimens of Lyomeri of the British Museum are described in sonic detail, their systematic position is discussed, and a brief revision of the species ofSaccopharynxandEurypharynxis given.This work was done in rather an uncomfortable time and conditions. It was much delayed by the absence of books, and of many fishes preserved in the British Museum which had been evacuated for safety, and by the lack of various other facilities.All the drawings and diagrams were made by the writer.The system of fishes used here for the main groups is that adopted by Forster‐Cooper (1940), and for the orders that used by Regan (1929).The names of parts of the skeleton used here are mainly as used by de Beer (1937); references to the terminology of Holmgren and Stensio (1936) are also given.I am most grateful to the Zoological Society of London and to the Linnean Society for permission to use their libraries. I am much indebted to Dr. E. Trewavas of the British Museum for most helpful discussions and advice, and for kindly reading part of the manuscript. I tender my most sincere thanks to Prof. G. R. de Beer, F.R.R., for kindly discussing with me this paper and for his criticisms and

ISSN:0368-2935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02078.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0368-2935    

DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02079.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1947

数据来源: WILEY