ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737973

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Efforts at prevention of chronic disease in adult life must include investigation of causal pathogenetic clues in early life. There is adequate rationale for identification of children who are at risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in later years. At the present time, practical considerations would favor a selective rather than universal screening of children. If the latter is instituted, then it is ideal to test children 4-7 years of age. In either case, total cholesterol>200 mg/dl warrants a complete lipid-lipoprotein profile. Those with confirmed abnormal values of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A1 and B should be offered dietary advice and encouraged to participate in regular exercise. In a few cases, drug therapy would be required. Limited data suggest that an integrated approach will result in a reduction of cardiovascular risk factors. Perinatal nutrition also may influence the risk of CVD among adults; a reduction in the prevalence of low birth weight and prevention of failure to thrive in early infancy may be additional useful strategies for prevention of CVD.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737974

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Heightened awareness of the importance of cholesterol and heart disease has increased cholesterol testing in the United States. The demand for reliable cholesterol measurements has become a focal concern of the patient as well as the clinician. This paper covers the major analytical and preanalytical issues and factors that can affect the reliability of cholesterol results. We discuss factors that lead to imprecision and inaccuracy; solutions for some of the major problems; resources and techniques to help standardize cholesterol measurement; and preanalytical issues that can affect cholesterol results—i.e., patient preparation; collection, processing, storage and proper analysis of the specimen; biological and seasonal variations; age and gender; diet; alcohol consumption; weight changes; exercise; primary diseases; and infections and trauma. Many of these can be controlled by the physician, resulting in more reliable cholesterol readings under stable metabolic conditions. Accurate values will help to classify the patient's coronary heart disease risk, define appropriate treatment strategies, and simplify monitoring of dietary and/or drug intervention.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737975

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737976

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737977

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737978

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Total cholesterol results of a screening of 134 Munich school children aged 6-11 years are described. In reviewing worldwide studies on blood lipids in children, in the last 10 years, I note a large variance in the so-called“normal”values, with mean levels of total cholesterol ranging from 148 to 214 mg%. Age-, sex-, and race-specific reference data for a population are needed. Only with these special data can one determine the point for intervention. With school health education programs, including medical screening examinations, the aim of primary prevention of coronary heart disease can be reached.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737979

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis in adults and children. This study investigated the levels of lipoproteins in a northern Italian pediatric population, in relation to nutritional and familial factors. We studied 650 children on the basis of a 3-day dietary record; 361 of these children had their lipid levels [total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides] measured by a dry, multilayer method and apoprotein A-I and B by an immunonephelometric method. Familial history of cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia was recorded. Anthropometric variables were taken for each child. Mean TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were high compared with southern Italian data, but similar to those of other Western countries. Family history of cardiovascular disease could not identify children with higher levels of atherogenic lipoprotein. Nutritional factors affected lipoprotein levels. The most important finding was a higher TC/HDL-C ratio in the lower quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Obese children had higher levels of ApoB, triglycerides, TC and LDL-C, and lower levels of HDL-C; figures were higher for obese boys than for obese girls. Our study confirms a high prevalence of elevated levels of atherogenic lipoproteins among the northern Italian pediatric population and an association with nutritional factors and weight.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737980

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A positive family history of premature cardiovascular disease is recognized as an independent predictor of risk for cardiovascular death in first degree relatives. It is of great interest whether the progeny of families with manifest coronary heart disease can be discriminated from children with a negative family history. Therefore, we examined serum lipids, lipo- and apolipoproteins in 338 offspring whose fathers and/or mothers had been affected with a myocardial infarction before the age of 55, in comparison with 448 age- and sex-matched, healthy controls. Statistical analyses revealed marked differences between the two groups: In both age groups only high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), as a single parameter, and the ratios of total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C, as well as low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C, showed a significant difference between the risk and nonrisk groups. Whereas the ratio of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoAI) to apolipoprotein B is the strongest discriminator in children≤20 years, the ratio of HDL-C/ApoAI takes this position in the older ones. Apolipoproteins seem to be of considerable importance as risk indicators between offspring who might be at higher risk for later cardiovascular diseases, even in childhood and younger adolescence.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737981

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

A total of 1470 students in Berlin, Germany, aged 7-22 years, were screened for cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, smoking habits, and a positive family history. Only 56% had no modifiable risk factor, but 16% showed total cholesterol (TC) levels>200 mg/dl. One percent had severe and 11% had borderline hypertension. Also, 21% were overweight, and 27% of the adolescents≥15 years admitted to smoking regularly. In this paper we concentrate on cholesterol findings of this study, i.e., the dependence of TC on sex, age, weight, and the use of oral contraceptives. There was an age dependency in both sexes. In boys the lowest TC levels were found in the 12-17-year-olds, whereas the group under 10 had the highest ones. In the age group over 17, TC was higher than in the younger groups. The age dependency of the TC levels in girls was similar, but less pronounced. The minimum level was reached earlier, namely in the group 14-15 years old, rather than in the group 16-17. TC levels of girls compared to boys were significantly higher in the 12-13 and 16-17 age groups. Girls who use oral contraceptives had significantly higher TC levels. Obesity had no influence on TC. Our results support the demand for screening for cardiovascular risk factors in children.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1992.10737982

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1992

数据来源: Taylor