ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10737999

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718465

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718466

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Thymic atrophy and lymphopenia are immunological hallmarks of many forms of malnutrition including deficiencies in zinc. Extreme thymic atrophy (70-80%) along with a 50% loss of splenocytes in mice maintained on a zinc deficient diet (ZD) for 30 days suggested that the deficiency might be altering lymphopoiesis or the production of new lymphocytes by the bone marrow. As shown herein, mice who were marginally zinc deficient being 72-75% the body weight of adequately fed controls, exhibited a 50% decline in pre B-cells and a 25% decline in immature B-cells. The mature B-cells of the marrow appeared fairly resistant to effects of suboptimal zinc intake. Interesting, this pattern was similar to results obtained by treating bone marrow cells with levels of glucocorticoids analogous to those found in nutritionally deficient rodents. Furthermore, these same concentrations of steroids were shown to induce significant levels of apoptosis or cell death among pre and immature B-cells which accounted for their declining numbers subsequent to exposure to glucocorticoid. In order to better ascertain the potential role of glucocorticoids generated during zinc deficiency on lymphopoietic processes, adrenalectomies were performed in an attempt to remove glucocorticoids from the equation. Subsequently, adrenalectomized and sham operated mice were placed on a ZD or zinc adequate diet (ZA). Levels of steroids at the time of sacrifice were elevated six fold in non-adrenalectomized ZD mice compared to ZD adrenalectomized mice. Removal of the adrenal gland protected the thymus of ZD mice from atrophy and also provided substantial protection of lymphopoietic processes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718467

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The health benefits of dietary omega-3 fatty acids have been investigated in a variety of conditions but there have been few studies of their effects in human respiratory diseases. Although many of the physiological changes associated with omega-3 polyunsaturate ingestion have been attributed to alterations in endogenous eicosanoid production, effects on blood rheology, host-microbial interactions and lung surfactant production have also been described. In reviewing the literature, there is little evidence that these polyunsaturates have beneficial effects in allergic disorders, but they may have potential as modulators of respiratory diseases involving chronic inflammatory and infectious processes or impaired pulmonary blood flow. Further work on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in several chronic pulmonary syndromes, for which there are currently no effective therapies, appears to be warranted.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718468

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

To determine if excessive oxalate and deficient citrate excretion were associated with TPN-associated nephropathy.Crossectional cohort.Outpatient clinic.Twenty-five patients (15 males, 10 females) aged 51 +/−17 (mean +/−SD) years who had received home total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for 10 +/−4 years. Fifteen subjects had ileostomies (Group A) and 10 had functional colons (Group B).Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP), urinary oxalate and citrate excretion.The mean GFR was 68.1 +/−34.5 ml/minute/1.73 m2 and did not differ between Groups A and B. The mean TRP was 65.0 +/−32.2% for Group A and 80.5 +/−16.0% for Group B. The difference was not statistically significant. Urinary oxalate and citrate excretion were 40.2 +/−30.2 and 324.4 +/−239.0 mg/day respectively for Group A, and 63.2 +/−34.2 and 474.8 +/−936.3 respectively for Group B. The differences were not statistically significant. Thirty-eight percent (38%) of patients with ileostomies and 78% of patients without ileostomies had excessive urinary oxalate excretion (>40 mg/day). Fifteen percent (15%) of patients with ileostomies and 50% of patients without ileostomies had decreased urinary citrate excretion (<140 mg/day).Increased endogenous oxalate production may occur in patients receiving long-term TPN.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718469

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The primary objective of this study was to assess the interrelationship between protein-energy nutritional status, disease severity, and life-threatening complications in a population of elderly rehabilitation patients.Three-hundred and fifty randomly selected admissions to Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit of a Veterans Administration hospital were prospectively studied. The average age of the study subjects was 76 years, nearly all (99%) were male, and 75% were white. At admission, each patient completed a comprehensive medical, functional, neuropsychological, socioeconomic, and nutritional assessment. While remaining in the hospital, each subject was monitored on a daily basis for the development of complications.Of the 96 variables evaluated, the best predictors of developing at least one life-threatening complication were serum albumin, body mass index, the presence of renal disease (i.e. blood urea nitrogen>30 mg/L), the Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living score, and the amount of weight loss in the year prior to admission. When all of these variables were included in the logistic regression analysis, the final model was highly significant by the−2Log Likelihood Chi-square goodness-of-fit criterion (Chi-square of 64.1 with 5 d.f., p<0.0001) with a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 77% and an overall predictive accuracy of 77%. When the predictive accuracy of the logistic model was tested using a second sample of 110 patients, the model differentiated those who developed a life-threatening complication from those who had not with a sensitivity of 88%, a specificity of 61%, and an overall predictive accuracy of 65%. As indicated by the Chi-square test, these results were significant (p<0.0001).Protein-energy undernutrition appears to be a strong independent risk factor for life-threatening morbidity during hospitalization.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718470

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Since the 1960's, marked sociocultural and economic changes have affected lifestyle, religious practices, and family structure among French Canadians in Quebec. Recent nutritional assessment was unavailable, despite indications of change.A survey was carried out in 1988 in a representative sample living in Greater Montreal, to obtain current data on food habits, nutrient intakes and sociodemographic factors, using interviewer-administered questionnaires and seven-day food records.Some 845 families (1450 individuals from different age groups) were studied in two phases: summer/fall and winter/spring. Mean household size in the study population was 2.7. Among adults, extremes of educational level were observed, with 33% having elementary school only and 28% having completed university. On average, each household spent $CAN 89.90 a week for food, $26.00 for tobacco, and $13.50 for alcohol. Breakfast was eaten regularly by 90% of subjects while 96% ate lunch and 99% ate dinner. Morning snacks were consumed by 36% and afternoon snacks were taken by 50%. Milk was consumed with breakfast by 24% of respondents, with lunch by 19%, and with dinner by 24%. On weekdays, 81% of subjects ate their main meals at home, while on weekends this figure was 95%. Time spent for meals varied by meal, and was slightly longer on weekends. Specialty diets, including vegetarianism, were followed by 7% of the study subjects, while 22% adhered to health-related diets.The food record analyses revealed adequate nutrient intakes overall in relation to the 1990 Canadian Recommended Nutrient Intakes, although further investigation is needed before addressing dietary quality in specific age-sex groups. Protein comprised 16% of energy, fat 38%, and carbohydrates composed 45% or 46% for males and females, respectively. Subsequent analyses will evaluate nutrient intakes in relation to health and sociodemographic indicators in this population.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718471

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We have examined the effects of in-vivo supplementation with low-dose vitamin E on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to oxidative modification, and compared the oxidizability of HDL with that of LDL.Normal humans (n = 8) ingested vitamin E (150 mg/day for 1 week, followed by 300 mg/day for 3 weeks) in divided doses with meals. The subjects did not use any medications or vitamins before being enrolled in this study. Fasting blood samples were drawn before and at the end of supplementation. LDL and HDL were separated by sequential ultracentrifugation and susceptability to copper-mediated oxidation was measured.After vitamin E supplementation, vitamin E content of LDL increased 1.9-fold and that of HDL increased 1.8-fold. Lag time before initiation of LDL oxidation lengthened significantly (+20%, p<0.01), and the propagation rate of LDL decreased significantly (−10%, p<0.05). The lag time of HDL oxidation did not change significantly, but the propagation rate of HDL oxidation decreased significantly (−24%, p<0.001). The lag time of HDL oxidation was shorter than that of LDL. HDL contained the same or higher concentrations of vitamin E relative to lipid mass as LDL, but contained lower concentration of CoQ10 relative to lipid mass and fewer molecules of vitamin E and beta-carotene per particle than LDL.We conclude that in-vivo supplementation of low-dose vitamin E protects LDL against oxidative modification and decreases the propagation rate of HDL oxidation significantly. We suggest that supplementation with low-dose vitamin E would be beneficial for ameliorating atherosclerosis.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718472

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The study was designed to compare, in a homogeneous, normolipidemic population, the postprandial responses of plasma lipids, in particular, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) constituents, after administration of a polyunsaturated fat and a more saturated fat.Emulsions of 100 g corn oil (CO) and 100 g beef tallow (BT) were given in a crossover protocol to 12 male subjects (21-24 years). Plasma cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and HDL lipid and protein constituents were measured at 0, 2, 4, 7 and 10 hours.A postprandial increase in TG at 2 hours after CO ingestion (96%) was twice that with BT (48%); TG returned to near fasting levels at 10 hours after ingestion of either fat. Areas under the TG response curves for CO and BT were 6.29 +/−1.67 and 1.75 +/−0.60 mmol×hour/L (mean +/−SE), respectively. TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were unchanged at 10 hours after CO ingestion, but they were increased 8.1% and 9.3%, respectively, with BT. Both fats increased HDL TG at 2-4 hours, and both similarly increased HDL free cholesterol, cholesterol ester, phospholipid, apolipoproteins A-I and A-II, and lipoprotein (A-I) levels at 7-10 hours. Changes in HDL were predominantly in HDL3.The increase in LDL-C with BT at 10 hours suggests that levels may be abnormally elevated in“fasting”samples, dependent on the amount and type of fat in a prior meal. The increase in LDL-C is consistent with short-term regulation of hepatic LDL-receptor activity and/or LDL synthesis. Similar increases in HDL constituents at 7-10 hours after CO or BT, despite the difference in TG responses, suggests differences in the metabolism of chylomicrons and/or HDL due to the type of fat ingested.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718473

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1995

数据来源: Taylor