ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10738094

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Over the past several years there has been renewed interest in the dietary management of persons with diabetes. Many of the older concepts are being questioned and dietary recommendations are being revised. A uniform concensus regarding the best diet for insulin-requiring diabetic persons is not available. In my opinion, the best diet, considering our state of knowledge and the limitations imposed by current treatment modalities, is a diet that is most acceptable to the patient as long as it is nutritionally adequate. Once a diet is decided upon, constancy of carbohydrate (CHO) content for each meal is emphasized. A diet low in fat and containing approximately 50-60% CHO is desirable but is not as important as patient compliance. A stable reduction in the plasma glucose concentration in these patients should be the overwhelming objective. Dietary management of non-insulin requiring diabetic persons remains uncertain and controversial. Much more scientific data are needed before dietary recommendations can be made. Nevertheless, one can educate patients regarding CHO containing foods which have a large effect on the postmeal glucose concentration (cooked potatoes and cereal products such as bread and breakfast cereals) and those which produce a smaller effect (milk and milk products, fruits, vegetables, table sugar, and honey). With the interest in the dietary management of diabetic patients at the present time, I look forward to rapid progress in this field and resolution of the current controversies.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720159

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720160

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Epidemiologic studies of cardiovascular mortality rates in different countries have suggested that dietary fiber may play a protective role. Within a similar population, a large intake of fiber is associated with a lower relative risk of death from coronary heart disease. Dietary fiber may be separated into at least two types: insoluble, which includes cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin; and soluble, including pectin and gums. Laxative effects appear to predominate with insoluble fibers such as wheat bran, with little change in plasma lipid levels in most studies. Pectin, guar gum, and oat bran (soluble fibers) have been reported to have hypocholesterolemic effects in both animals and man, with the effect being proportional to the degree of cholesterol elevation. Other gums, specifically those from locust bean and karaya, have a similar effect, with the decrease in total cholesterol due primarily to a decrease in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol fraction. While some studies have shown continued improvement over a period of months, this has not been uniformly found. Both normal and elevated triglyceride levels appear to be more resistant to change with dietary fiber. An increase of dietary carbohydrate as a source of fiber may be associated with an increase in triglyceride levels. Fiber may, however, offer some protection against an increase in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in subjects fed diets containing large amounts of sucrose. Although rats fed oat bran, guar gum, or pectin had lower levels of hepatic and blood triglycerides, humans with hypercholesterolemia fed oat bran or guar showed no effect on their triglycerides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720161

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The role of magnesium (Mg) in the prevention of ischemia-induced injury during cardioplegic arrest and in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias has been considered. Although Mg possesses negative inotropic properties, potassium (K) is more effective than Mg in inducing cardiac arrest. The rationale for the inclusion of Mg in cardioplegic solutions therefore lies not in its cardioplegic properties, but in its ability to influence other cellular events such as the loss of Mg and K and perhaps to counter the detrimental effects of ischemia by antagonizing calcium (Ca) overload. Most of the Mg in the cardiac cell is complexed with high energy phosphate compounds and the loss of Mg during ischemia may restrict the repletion of ATP upon reperfusion and so impair the return of normal contractile function. The ability of Mg to limit K efflux from the cell is of importance not only in the prevention of ischemia-induced K loss but also in the treatment of digitalis-induced arrhythmias. Elevation of extracellular Mg has been shown to reduce the intracellular sodium ion activity ([Na]i) and this decline in [Na]i can be related to the negative inotropic properties of Mg. Mg may therefore exert some of its antiarrhythmic and antiischemic effects by limiting [Na]i-stimulated Ca influx (or facilitating Ca efflux) and hence preventing cellular Ca overload.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720162

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Serum magnesium concentration (S-Mg) was measured in 20 highly trained young men (mean age 19.5, +/−0.5, range 18-20.5) before, and at 1 hour, 24 hours, 72 hours, and 3 months after a 120 km hike. As found in previous studies, S-Mg was significantly decreased at the end of the hike (p less than 0.001, [corrected] Student's t-test). In this group S-Mg had risen significantly after 24 hours in relation to the value at 1 hour (but not to starting value); yet, at 72 hours and 3 months later, it was once more significantly lower than the starting value (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05, respectively, Student's t-test). A marked elevation in serum creatine kinase activity (CK) suggests that the rise in S-Mg observed at 24 hours is the result of either exertional rhabdomyolysis or loss of membrane integrity, as a result of the strenuous exertion, since the CK had fallen sharply by 72 hours after the hike. The biphasic, statistically significant, lowering of S-Mg which persisted after 3 months suggests that strenuous exertion induces magnesium deficiency.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720163

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Zinc and vitamin A are known to interact, and deficiencies have been associated with carcinogenesis in experimental animals and humans. Since we previously have demonstrated decreased plasma zinc and vitamin A levels in patients with esophageal cancer, we wished to examine endoscopically obtained epithelial tissue for vitamin A and zinc content. This was not feasible for vitamin A, but using newly developed techniques for zinc analysis of small tissue samples, we measured esophageal epithelial zinc as well as plasma zinc and plasma vitamin A in 21 patients with esophageal cancer, 17 patients with esophagitis, and 12 normals. Mean plasma zinc in the esophageal cancer group (56 +/−3 micrograms/dl) (mean +/−SEM) was significantly less than in the esophagitis group (72 +/−5 micrograms/dl) and the normals (78 +/−5 micrograms/dl). Mean plasma vitamin A in the esophageal cancer group (32 +/−3 micrograms/dl) was significantly less than the esophagitis group (57 +/−4 micrograms/dl) or the normals (58 +/−5 micrograms/dl). There was no significant difference in tissue zinc content (measured as micrograms zinc/g wet weight of tissue, mean +/−SEM) among cancerous tissue (57 +/−5 micrograms/g) and adjacent normal tissue (61 +/−4 micrograms/g), esophagitis tissue (66 +/−6 micrograms/g) and adjacent normal tissue (61 +/−6 micrograms/g), or normal esophageal tissue (59 +/−6 micrograms/g). We conclude that deficiencies of zinc or vitamin A may be cofactors in the induction of human esophageal cancer, but a mechanism cannot be accounted for by differences in epithelial zinc content.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720164

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Pharmacologic doses of zinc are widely used as zinc supplements. As calcium and zinc may compete for common absorption sites, a study was carried out on the effect of a pharmacologic dose of zinc on the intestinal absorption of calcium in adult males. The analyzed dietary zinc intake in the control studies was normal, averaging 14.6 mg/day. During the high zinc study, 140 mg zinc as the sulfate was added daily for time periods ranging from 17 to 71 days. The studies were carried out during both a low calcium intake averaging 230 mg/day and during a normal calcium intake of 800 mg/day. Calcium absorption studies were carried out during the normal and high zinc intake by using an oral tracer dose of Ca47 and determining plasma levels and urinary and fecal excretions of Ca47. The study has shown that, during zinc supplementation, the intestinal absorption of calcium was significantly lower during a low calcium intake than in the control study, 39.3% vs 61% respectively, p less than 0.001. However, during a normal calcium intake of 800 mg/day, the high zinc intake had no significant effect on the intestinal absorption of calcium. These studies have shown that the high zinc intake decreased the intestinal absorption of calcium during a low calcium intake but not during a normal calcium intake.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10720165

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1987.10738095

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1987

数据来源: Taylor