ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10738219

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10738220

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The present review is devoted to effects on the newborn of maternal ingestion of caffeine during gestation and lactation. In rodents, caffeine is able to induce malformations, but usually at high doses never encountered in humans; indeed, when caffeine is administered in fractioned quantities during the day, as it is the case with human caffeine intake, caffeine is no longer a teratogen in rodents. Caffeine ingested during gestation induces a dose-dependent decrease in body weight, but only for large doses (>7 cups/day of coffee), whereas it has no effect at moderate doses. Maternal caffeine consumption during gestation affects hematologic parameters in both rat and human infants and induces long-term effects on sleep, locomotion, learning abilities, emotivity and anxiety in rodent offspring, whereas in humans, more studies are needed to determine the consequences of early caffeine exposure on behavior. Investigators do not agree on the quantities of the methylxanthine found in breast milk, but caffeine does not change breast milk composition, and rather, stimulates milk production. We conclude in this review that maternal caffeine consumption in moderate amounts during gestation and lactation has no measurable consequences on the fetus and newborn infant. Pregnant mothers, however, should be advised to consume coffee and caffeinated beverages in moderation, especially because of the prolonged half-life of caffeine both during the last trimester of pregnancy and in the newborn infant.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718366

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of regular use of nutritional supplements on serum vitamin C levels in a multivariable regression model, taking into account other dietary and demographic variables which may affect nutritional status.We analyzed NHANES II data for subjects age 3 to 74. Analysis was limited to regular supplement users and nonusers, excluding irregular users. Multivariable regression analysis was performed with SUDAAN, incorporating sample weights and accounting for the complex survey design.Regular supplement users had substantially higher serum vitamin C levels than nonusers (p<0.001). The magnitude of the effect of supplement use on serum vitamin C was 0.23-0.33 mg/dL in children and teens, and 0.36-0.46 mg/dL in adults. In adults who smoked, bottom quartile vitamin C levels were 0.3 mg/dL in men and 0.4 mg/dL in women who did not use supplements, compared to 0.9 and 1.1 mg/dL in regular supplement users. There was a significant interaction of smoking and supplement use in men (p<0.001).Regular supplement use has a strong impact on serum vitamin C levels, independent of other dietary and demographic characteristics of supplement users which may favor improved nutritional status.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718367

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Due to the increased emphasis on fruit and vegetable (F+V) consumption and a desire to use the simplest dietary assessment method appropriate to determine F+V intake, we assessed the reliability and validity of weekly and monthly fruit and vegetable food frequency questionnaires (F+V FFQ) among fourth and fifth grade students by comparing them to food records previously validated through school lunch observations.The multiethnic sample (primarily African-American and Caucasian) included predominantly lower-middle socioeconomic students from 10 classes at one elementary school. F+V FFQ were printed on optical scanning forms and classroom administered on two occasions. Students completed preprinted food record forms at school and received new forms weekly. To allow comparison between the F+V FFQ and food records, a dietitian abstracted information from the records according to a written protocol and transferred it to F+V FFQ forms covering respective time periods. F+V FFQ were converted to estimated daily servings and aggregated to create five F+V indices plus three summary indices. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and paired t-tests.Students demonstrated acceptable reliability in completing food records as well as weekly and monthly F+V FFQ; however, validity was unacceptable for both F+V FFQ versions due to significant overreporting.Of the two methods studied, the food record procedure is preferred over the FFQ procedure for collecting self-reported F+V consumption data among fourth and fifth grade students.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718368

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Lipid emulsions containing both long- and medium-chain triglycerides (LCT/MCT) have been used in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) regimens and seem to have certain advantages for seriously ill patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of lipid emulsions containing 100% LCT or 50% LCT/50% MCT on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by human mononuclear cells.This was a prospective study, in which 20 malnourished patients were randomly allocated to receive either 100% LCT or 50% LCT/50% MCT for>30 days. We measured TNF synthesis before initiation of TPN, as well as at 15 and 30 days during TPN.Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Patras University Medical School, Patras, Greece.Members of the staff of the Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Patras University Medical School.We found that TNF production was significantly (p<0.01) elevated at 30 days in the LCT group, while no significant differences were detected in the LCT/MCT group.It is concluded that long-term TPN formulas, where LCT have been partially replaced by MCT, do not change TNF synthesis by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and this may be beneficial in seriously ill, cachectic patients.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718369

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Magnesium (Mg) status has previously not been properly assessed among healthy elderly subjects.Thirty-six healthy elderly subjects participated. Their Mg status was assessed by serum Mg, basal urinary Mg output, and with a Mg loading test (30 mmol infused during 8 hours; urine sampled 24 hours), and compared with 53 healthy younger subjects. Their dietary intake was assessed by a quantified food frequency questionnaire. Fourteen of the subjects received 300 mmol Mg to study the effect on Mg status.With the exception of vitamin D in women, average energy and nutrient intakes were adequate. All subjects had serum Mg levels within the reference value of the laboratory. Basal urinary Mg excretion was 3.3 +/−1.1 mmol/day and 24-hour Mg retention after a Mg load was 28 +/−16% compared to 6 +/−11% in younger controls, suggesting Mg deficiency in the elderly. In the 14 subjects who received oral Mg supplementation there was a statistically significant increase in basal urinary Mg excretion and creatinine clearance, and decreases in Mg retention, serum Mg and serum creatinine.This study suggests that a significant subclinical Mg deficit, not detected by serum Mg, was present in many of these healthy elderly subjects. Mg supplementation improved Mg status and renal function.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718370

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We documented asymptomatic environmental enteropathy, which may occur in low socioeconomic populations, and which is manifested by bacterial proliferation in the upper portions of the small bowel and by alterations in the digestive-absorptive capacity.Forty asymptomatic infants (<1 year) of the Cidade Leonor slum in São Paulo, Brazil, were investigated for digestive-absorptive function, bacterial proliferation in the small bowel lumen, and jejunal morphology. They were compared with a control group of 8 well-nourished children from economically sound families.Mean value of the D-xylose absorption test in the slum infants 21.0 +/−10.0 mg%) was significantly lower than in controls (46.0 +/−13.8 mg%) (p<0.001). Colonic bacterial proliferation in the small bowel was identified in 25 (62.5%) of slum-dwelling infants. Grade II villous atrophy with inflammatory infiltration in the lamina propria was the most frequent alteration found.These data show that alterations in the microecology, function and morphology of the small intestine can occur even in the absence of diarrhea. Therefore, the absence of symptoms does not necessarily imply a healthy well-being among children living in a slum.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718371

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between thiamin intake and its biochemical status in 60 free-living (30 male, 30 female) elderly subjects (>or = 65 years).Dietary intake was estimated using a 3-nonconsecutive-day food record. Biochemical status was assessed by measuring the stimulating effect of thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) on transketolase activity (TPP effect) in hemolyzed erythrocytes, which is a functional test indicative of metabolic availability of thiamin.Average daily thiamin intake was above the recommended requirement (>0.4 mg/1000 Kcal) for each gender; however, almost half of the total study population had TPP effect>14%, suggesting thiamin deficiency. There was no correlation between thiamin intake and TPP effect.These findings raise questions about the reliability of dietary intake in assessing metabolic availability of thiamin in the elderly.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718372

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We examined zinc (Zn) status in relation to thyroid function in disabled persons, because the association between Zn deficiency and thyroid function remains controversial.After measuring serum free 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (T4) in 134 persons, TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) injection test and estimation of Zn status were conducted in persons with low free T3.Thirteen had low levels of serum free T3 and normal T4. Patients with elevated levels of serum 3,3′,5′-triiodothyronine (rT3) showed an enhanced reaction of serum thyrotropin (TSH) after TRH injection. Nine of 13 patients had mild to moderate Zn deficiency evaluated by body Zn clearance and increased urinary Zn excretion. After oral supplementation of Zn sulphate (4-10 mg/kg body weight) for 12 months, levels of serum free T3 and T3 normalized, serum rT3 decreased, and the TRH-induced TSH reaction normalized. Serum selenium concentration (Type 1 T4 deionidase contains selenium in the rat) was unchanged by Zn supplementation.Zn may play a role in thyroid hormone metabolism in low T3 patients and may in part contribute to conversion of T4 to T3 in humans.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1994.10718373

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor