ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10738039

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10738040

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Nutritional requirements do not change appreciably with age among adults. However, with increasing age total caloric intake is gradually reduced, but among normal people living in the community dietary deficiencies are seldom found. Deficiencies in specific nutritional elements are found among poor and disadvantaged elderly people. The use of special diets or the ingestion of megadoses of vitamins do not improve health or prolong life. The reduction in food intake and the tendency of old people to eat the same diet day after day makes them potentially vulnerable to possible deficiencies in specific vitamins, minerals, and protein. In most animal species (rats, mice, fruit flies, rotifers), a reduction in the daily food intake over the entire life-span increases it. The mechanisms of this increase are not known. Although there are rational reasons to believe that nutrition must play an important role in aging, experimental data to prove relationships are most scanty. The field of nutrition and gerontology share many difficulties, viz the lack of a biological index of aging and an index of optimal nutrition in individual adults. Research on these basic issues is essential before we can give definite answers to the questions about relationships between nutrition and aging.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10718072

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

As the population of the elderly will increase 10% within the next 50 years, research on the health problems affecting them becomes pertinent. The major agency supporting biomedical and behavioral aspects of nutrition research and training is the National Institutes of Health. The research it carries out is through grants and contracts, and through a new National Program in the Clinical Nutrition Research Unit. Additional research on nutrition for the aging is performed by the US Department of Agriculture at the Tufts University Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging. The coordination of nutrition research and training at the federal level is accomplished through the Joint Subcommittee for Human Nutrition Research operating out of the Executive Office of the President.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10718089

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Protein calorie malnutrition is being recognized with greater frequency in the hospitalized patient. This report describes the clinical presentation and response to nutritional therapy in nine elderly malnourished patients ranging from 73 to 95 years. Clinical features of malnutrition include weight loss, confusion, hypoalbuminemia (mean 2.8 gm/dl), a low total iron binding capacity (TIBC) (mean 192 micrograms/dl), anergy, lymphocytopenia (mean 1×10(3) cells/microliter) and an anemia (mean 9.0 gm/dl). Our subjects were followed for 42 days. In two, hyperalimentation was achieved by voluntary food intake and polymeric dietary supplements. In seven, feeding for 21 days via nasogastric tube was required. After three weeks, weight gain, decreased confusion, improved appetite and mobility, and significant increases in serum albumin and TIBC were seen. At that time, no subject was anergic and lymphocyte counts increased significantly. Increase in the serum iron and percent saturation was noted, and by day 42, a significant elevation in the hemoglobin occurred. As a measure of stem cell function, the committed granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cell (CFU-C) was quantitated in four subjects prior to and following 21 days of nutritional support. A marked increase in CFU-C number from a mean of 0.1×10(7) cells/kg to a normal value of 0.85×10(7) cells/kg was seen. Thus in addition to correcting the nutritional deficit, hyperalimentation returned immune and hematopoietic abnormalities to near normal levels. While improvement could reflect recovery from an associated disease, it is just as likely that correction of malnutrition, a well-recognized cause of these immunologic and hematopoietic abnormalities, accounted for the response. These observations emphasize the importance of recognizing malnutrition in the elderly and highlight the need for a careful nutritional assessment prior to ascribing hematologic and immunologic abnormalities to the aging process.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10718069

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Aging is the progressive accumulation of changes with time associated with and/or responsible for the ever-increasing susceptibility to disease and death. These time-related changes are attributed to the aging process. This process may be due in part to free radical reactions, largely those involving oxygen, going on continuously throughout the cells and tissues. Dietary manipulations expected to lower the rate of production of free-radical reaction damage have been shown to 1) increase the life span of mice, rats, fruit flies, nematodes, and rotifers, as well as the life span of neurospora, 2) inhibit development of some forms of cancer, 3) enhance humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and 4) slow development of amyloidosis and the autoimmune disorders of NZB mice. Free-radical reactions may also play a significant role in the deterioration of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems with age. It is reasonable to expect, on the basis of present data, that the healthy life span can be increased by five or more years by keeping body weight down, at a level compatible with a sense of well-being, while ingesting diets adequate in essential nutrients but designed to minimize random free-radical reactions in the body.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10718090

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

One hundred two consecutively nutritionally supported patients were studied to determine the effect of age on the response to nutritional support and outcome of hospital stay. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (n = 37) consisted of all patients under 65 years of age, and group 2 (n = 65) consisted of patients 65 years of age and older. All patients underwent a complete nutritional assessment prior to the initiation of nutritional support and weekly thereafter. The patients' somatic compartments were assessed using weight, arm muscle circumference, creatinine height index, and triceps skinfold thickness. The visceral compartments were assessed using serum albumin level, transferrin total iron binding capacity (TIBC) level, and total lymphocyte count. Nitrogen balance was evaluated and cell-mediated immunity was determined using a standard battery of antigens. The patients' nutritional assessment parameters at the start of therapy were compared with those at discharge or death and correlated with outcome of hospital stay. The difference in crude mortality rates between the two groups was statistically significant; however, there was no significant difference between the type and degree of nutritional depletion and mean length of nutritional therapy between the two groups. There was also no significant difference between the degree of improvement or maintenance of somatic or visceral parameters, nitrogen balance, or cell-mediated immunity between the two groups. It is therefore concluded that age alone is not a deterrent to the use of aggressive nutritional support in the elderly.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10718091

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This presentation reviews environmental and genetic factors that relate to high density lipoprotein cholesterol, the most potent independent lipoprotein risk factor for coronary heart disease. Although at least three decades of work have focused upon the primary atherogenic lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-LDL), which has a strong positive association with coronary heart disease (CHD), it has only been in the past decade that detailed epidemiologic and biochemical studies have revealed that high density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-HDL) is the most potent lipoprotein cholesterol related to coronary heart disease; this relationship is, however, inverse.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10718092

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

With the development of accurate and precise techniques for quantifying sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations, a vast literature has been generated indicating that deficits and excesses of these cations in the body create many clinical challenges for the physician. Iron has received its share of attention as the most abundant trace metal in the body, primarily being utilized in the formation of hemoglobin. Zinc is the next most abundant trace element in the body, and evaluation of its role in the biochemistry and pathophysiology of disease is now stimulating a great deal of interest. Deficiencies of the other trace metals also are receiving increasing attention as attempts to evaluate their importance in human nutrition are being made. Studies were not considered reliable until technological advances made it possible, by atomic absorption spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis, and other techniques, to quantify these trace elements accurately and precisely.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10718093

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Nutrition and cancer interact in a number of important ways and nutritional factors are increasingly recognized as relevant to both the prevention and treatment of cancer. The role of several nutrients in cancer development is considered briefly here. Deficiency of riboflavin (Vitamin B2) prolongs the survival of tumor-bearing animals, but may accelerate carcinogenesis caused by certain agents, as flavin cofactors are involved in drug and carcinogen metabolism. Deficiency of Vitamin A may enhance the development of tumors of epithelial origin, particularly lung. Evidence is accumulating that Vitamin A and/or its precursors, the B-carotenes, may possibly have an effect in chemoprevention of certain of these epithelial cancers both in animals and in man. The consumption of dietary fat among various nations is correlated closely with increased development of cancers of the breast, colon, and prostate, and possibly of other organs. Studies of migrant populations from Japan to the United States show changes in prevalence of stomach and colon cancer in the direction of the native United States population. Sources of nitrites are of concern because of their potential conversion to carcinogenic nitrosamines. Limitation of the delivery of nitrites may be difficult to accomplish so investigators are exploring the blockade of conversion of nitrites to nitrosamines. Nutrition should not be viewed as the sole means of cancer prevention and treatment but rather as a vital component of any treatment plan.

ISSN:0731-5724    

DOI:10.1080/07315724.1982.10718094

出版商:Routledge    

年代:1982

数据来源: Taylor