ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1080/07370024.1994.9667207

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Human-computer interaction (HCI) investigators must consider the sequential nature of interaction and must often weigh behavioral, cognitive, and social factors when studying and designing today's increasingly complex systems. In many cases, laboratory experimentation is inappropriate and formal modeling intractable; instead, observational data analysis is frequently the only appropriate empirical approach. Diverse approaches to observational data analysis already exist, which we synthesize as instances of exploratory sequential data analysis (ESDA). In this article, we outline fundamental ESDA characteristics that might help HCI investigators using sequential data make better conceptual and methodological choices. ESDA owes a philosophical debt to exploratory data analysis but focuses on exploring sequential data. Important issues for ESDA are finding an appropriate temporal band for analysis, finding an effective semantics for encoding, and completing an analysis in an acceptable time frame. We survey temporal factors and introduce analysis time:sequence time ratios, which describe the time cost of conducting different types of ESDA. We also introduce the "Eight Cs"-different general transformations that can be performed on sequential data. We conjecture that the Eight Cs, and their combinations, are critical for supporting scientific inference in ESDA. Distinctions are made among three principal ESDA traditions that are relevant for HCI-behavioral, cognitive, and social. We indicate how each ESDA tradition has been used in HCI and describe one technique from each tradition. Last, we outline major practical problems for investigators using observational data and, following our framework, suggest ways such problems might be overcome.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1080/07370024.1994.9667208

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Air traffic controllers participated in high-fidelity simulations of en route air traffic, either singly or with a second team member. The observed stream of time-stamped behaviors and communication events was analyzed using the Pathfinder scaling algorithm, which provides a directional graph of the latent structure in the data. The graphs were found to be similar across levels of traffic complexity, and the triggers for frequently co-occurring activities were equivalent for the individuals and the teams. This suggests that numerous aspects of air traffic control performance are robust and transcend some powerful situational variables. The implications for interface design and automation are discussed.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1080/07370024.1994.9667209

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

We describe the utility of process models for summarizing the sequential actions of individuals. Such models describe why users did what they did, what information they used from the outside environment, and what knowledge they used to perform the task. These detailed explanations of users' thoughts and actions can enhance interface design by offering behavior summaries that are inspectable and transferable to new interfaces. Sequential data sets and models for human-computer interaction are often large and complex. We present a computer-supported methodology for developing these models as summaries of sequential data. We illustrate that this methodology can make building and using such models tractable by applying it to an existing model for using an on-line database.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1080/07370024.1994.9667210

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

This article reports an investigation of the initiation and management of repair in human-computer interaction from a conversation-analytic perspective. It describes some ways in which pairs of novice users deal with what they see as "trouble" in the operation of a multiwindow database system called Sales and Marketing Information (SAM). A typical sequence has the character of a user request followed by a pause or computer granting, leading to user repair in initial or third position. Three components of repair are identified: The user attempts to get the computer to undo a previous granting, redo a previous request, or grant a new request. Some common ways in which these components are combined, ordered, and performed are illustrated with reference to transcripts of actual sequences of recorded interaction. The relevance of these findings for design is discussed, together with the future potential of the approach that generated them.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1080/07370024.1994.9667211

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor

摘要:

Statistical and grammatical techniques are reviewed as an integrated approach to exploratory sequential data analysis (ESDA) for categorical data. The first step is the identification and validation of the categories to be analyzed. The main statistical techniques discussed are log-linear modeling and lag sequential analysis. These methods allow for the statistical evaluation of a wide range of general and specific hypotheses about sequential structure. Grammatical techniques based on definite-clause grammars are described and illustrated, and the complex issue of measuring the goodness of fit of a set of patterns is discussed. Throughout the article, examples from our own research illustrate how the various techniques are used, especially in concert, while carrying out ESDA. In Section 6, several other human-computer interaction and computer-supported cooperative work applications of these techniques are discussed.

ISSN:0737-0024    

DOI:10.1080/07370024.1994.9667212

出版商:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.    

年代:1994

数据来源: Taylor