ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00717.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00718.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00719.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The issues related to power and politics of the English language are presented specifically in relation to the unprecedented global spread of the language. Several perspectives—linguistic and non‐linguistic—used to conceptualize the relationship between language and power are considered, particularly that of Michel Foucault. The power‐related issues, and their manifestations and implications, are seen in terms of various control‐acquiring strategies resulting in political manipulations and language conflicts. The interplay of power and politics within the three Concentric Circles of English (Kachru, 1985a) is shown in issues related to sociolinguistics, linguistic innovations and language pedagogy. It is claimed that the most vital power is that of the ‘ideological change’ which has been attributed to the knowledge of the English language and literature in the Outer and Expanding Circles. The paper aims at providing a blueprint for the study and conceptualization of selected issues related to the power and politics of an internati

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00720.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The event of contact with the West has always been for the Other a moment of violence, rupture and discontinuity. As a colonized Other, Hawaii was not just modernized and modified, but transformed and reformed. The interactive forces that had constituted the dynamic of Hawaiian history before Cook were suddenly and radically skewed, eliminated and replaced by Western forces of power—not the least of these being language. What had been the totality of the world for the Hawaiians was suddenly only a part, a small part, of a global system containing other cultures, other languages, and other epistemes of knowledge and discourse. In this paper I will focus on language and the linguistic transformation of Hawaii, viewing language as socially constitutive, as creative and recreative, as consciousness that is saturated by and that saturates all social activity. Working within this constitutive view of language, the linguistic intrusion of the West takes on a significance, as significance, that is integral to every aspect of the Western penetration of Hawaii. Three fundamental changes in language were initiated with Western contact: (1) the radical shift from orality to literacy, (2) the displacement of Hawaiian by English as the dominant language of discourse, and (3) the repositioning and redefinition of Hawaii, the Hawaiians and their material and symbolizing practices by discourses informed by English, particularly ideologies embedded in American English. The first two involved fundamental changes in cognitive processes and social consciousness; all three reconstituted social relationships. Forms and practices of symbolic representation, including the most basic one of language itself, are never exterior to material forces. They are part of ideological social practices that are inscribed by history and embedded in social praxis. The English language and practices of that language, were integral to the social restructuring of the Hawaiian islands by Western capitalism, the dispossession and alienation of the Hawaiians, and the ultimate redistribution of power.What, then, is truth? A mobile army of metaphors, metonyms, and anthropomorphisms—in short, a sum of human relations, which have been enhanced, transposed, and embellished poetically and rhetorically, and which after long use seem firm, canonical, and obligatory to a people: truths are illusions about which one has forgotten that this is what they are; metaphors which are worn out and without sensuous power; coins which have lost their pictures and now matter only as metal, no longer as coins (Nietzsche, 1968: 46

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00721.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Students of intercultural communication have utilized almost exclusively the writings of social scientists. Literature (prose fiction, poetry and biography) and film have been little used except to illustrate what social scientists have discussed. The potential of literature and film for our understanding of intercultural relations is conisderable, however, and can be explored both through the analysis of cultural patterns expressed in the works, and in the analysis of intercultural themes, of conflicts and resolutions by the characters, in novels, biographies and films. A recent study of the latter kind identified several significant ‘coping mechanisms’ of ethnic minorities in the United States which distinguished those who prevailed in a world of cultural pressures from those who did not. Such attitudes and abilities had been overlooked in the methods and goals of most social‐science writings. Moreover, there is evidence that literature majors in college have performed better in some intercultural encounters—as US Peace Corps volunteers—than have graduates of programs in the social or physical sciences.There are many problems, however, in drawing upon literature and film. One problem is the possibility for gross distortion of a people by a writer or filmmaker whose audience has no means of checking against reality. These images, in fact, can receive such wide acceptance that future audiences expect to have this image confirmed in subsequent works (‘standardization of error’). Even very good works, when they achieve the status of ‘classics’, lead readers and audiences to want more books and films which reconfirm a simplified and outdated image. This works against smaller, poorer and non‐English‐speaking societies especially, as only those works which fit the expectations of English‐speaking readers or viewers elsewhere are likely to be translated and published or produced.Literature allows for a much more varied manner of story telling than does the conventional social‐science genre. It allows for more varied points of view, more emotional involvement, and the taking of a stand on issues; in addition, it can draw upon all of the resources thatevokean experience rather than beingaboutexperiences. We need to utilize more fully the power of the image and word in our understanding of in

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00722.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:Attacks on Philippine literature in English have come from left‐wing intellectuals, who see the English language as a tool of American neo‐colonialism, and literary historians, who see the 80‐year‐old literature as insignificant in the context of five centuries of Philippine writing in various vernacular languages. Despite these attacks, Filipino creative writers have continued to write in the English language, even during the last 20 years when the nationalist campaign against English was at its height. Ironically, even those who strongly advocate the sole use of Tagalog (or Tagalog‐based Pilipino) and, therefore, the rejection of a foreign language, as a medium of creative expression have written extensively in English. Several major Filipino writers today write in both English and Tagalog. Some write in both English and other vernacular languages. These bilingual writers belong to a long line of Filipinos who wrote in both their first and their second languages. Because of the large number of individual literary pieces that can be said to shed light on the phenomenon of bilingualism in creative writing, it is not possible at this time to do a comprehensive survey of writing done by bilingual or multilingual writers. It is more manageable to focus on the poetry of representative writers. Three modern Filipino writers who have published books of poetry in both English and Tagalog can be taken as representative: Cirilo F. Bautista, Edgar B. Maranan and Epifanio San Juan, Jr. Established methods of literary criticism reveal that Filipino writers use English for two main reasons: to capture certain realities not within the lexical capabilities of Tagalog, and to exploit the musical qualities of the foreign language. On the other hand, they use Tagalog primarily to capture nationalist realities. In broad terms, it may be said that English is used primarily to enhance form and Tagalog to enhance content. Because of the international character of English, poetry in English tends to import not only the words of the language, but also literary trends identified with the language. In a sense, then, poetry in English is more ‘Western’ than poetry in Tagalog. On the other hand, because of the ability of Tagalog to express nuances of meaning, especially in the areas of Filipino philosophy, psychology and sociology, poetry in Tagalog tends to be more homologous to Phili

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00723.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:This paper seeks to point out the power of language and the power of the visual image in determining and constituting thought and imagination, and to demonstrate how this power operates within a certain knowledge system and cultural discourse. This paper focuses attention on Western representations of India in creative literature and film. One could have illustrated this by selecting for analysis works of literature and cinema which do not enjoy a wide reputation as creative and serious efforts and which present obvious stereotypes. However, such a course of action would not have allowed the opportunity to examine the complex implications of the thesis explored in this study. Instead this investigation is based on an outstanding novelist and a well respected filmmaker—E. M. Forster and David Lean. The work analyzed in this paper is the novel,A Passage to India, and its film version. Forster is considered to be one of the most important English novelists of the twentieth century, and David Lean is a highly gifted film director who has successfully translated into cinema distinguished novels of Dickens and Pasternak. This study shows that even such highly esteemed creative artists as E. M. Forster and David Lean were unable to rise above the dictating and determining power of language and image, and the discourse that it institute

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00724.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:The distinction between descriptive and prescriptive grammars is by no means as sharp as is generally assumed. Descriptive grammars need to take account of prescriptive norms in describing how the language functions since they affect choices in at least certain styles. Descriptive grammarians should indeed offer guidance on prescriptive norms, on clarity in written communication, and on linguistic morality. Descriptive grammars embody value judgments on the scope of the grammar. Grammars of English are grammars of the standard varieties of just the United States and Britain because insufficient research has been undertaken on other standard varieties. Research is particularly needed on the language in the Outer Circle of English users where new standard varieties are emerging. Grammarians in those countries have a responsibility to be language planners: to play their part in both describing and shaping standard varieties for their countries. They can thereby contribute to ensuring that their national standards will take their place as constituents of an International Standard English.

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00725.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abstract:This article will focus on how the English language came to Thailand and how it is used today, particularly in advertising and the media. The first part of this article will be devoted to the historical events which have contributed to the development and widespread use of the English language from its first penetration to the present. The second part is a description of the present‐day phenomena of the Thai media. The scope of the discussion will be confined to advertising messages which appear on television and radio, in newspapers and magazines, and on billboards and posters. The third part involves the assessment of the impact of English based on the historical account and on various salient factors which justify the adoption of Western life‐styles along with the English language and the assimilation of Western cultural dimensions with the indigen

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1986.tb00726.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY