摘要:

Recent changes in social, political and educational direction within Nigeria have given rise to the need to define and describe a standard variety of Nigerian spoken English (NSE) for use as a teaching model. Old models, which existed in the form of large numbers of native English‐speaking teachers, are no longer present in the country. The functions of the English language have changed and urban drift has led to the development of new varieties of spoken English. There is now a need for a new model, relevant to and attainable by the present Nigerian learner of English, for use in the schools as well as by society at large. A variety of English taken from within the local environment can meet this nee

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00474.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the early days of the development of aviation, no requirement existed for communication between the aircraft and a ground station. Flying was carried out within sight of the ground or water, and the information required by a pilot was mainly visual. For example, navigation was carried out by the observation of well‐known landmarks and the direction of landing at an aerodrome was judged either from observation of a windsock or of a white letter T displayed in a Signals square. The approach to land was also by visual communication. A green lamp signal was an All Clear, and a red lamp signal advised the pilot to make another visual circuit before attempting to land. In extremis, when a red lamp signal had not been observed, the firing of a red Verey light usually achieved the objectiv

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00475.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Perhaps the most important discovery researchers in second‐language acquisition have made in recent years is something that most people knew already: acquiring a second language is not simply a matter of ‘knowing the rules’. Real second‐language competence is subconscious knowledge, similar to knowledge of a first language. Competent second‐language users, like competent users of the native language, do not think grammatical rules when they are producing or understanding the second language, and in many cases never consciously ‘learned’ the rules they use so well. (Grammar rules do help in certain limited situations: good ‘grammar’ users can apply conscious rules when they have time to think about and use them, as in writing, but even here our research indicates that grammar use makes a very modest contribution to grammatical accuracy. For most people, using ‘grammar’ in real conversation only leads to trouble. Constantly referring to rules gives one a very hesitant style of speaking that is not pleasant to listen to, and some of us have the bad habit of constructing our sentences via grammar rules while the other person is talking, which means that

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00476.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Today English is the principal means of communication among people of different nations. It is estimated (Bowen, 1976) that between 500 and 600 million people living on all continents use English as their primary or secondary language. More and more countries are making English theirlingua francato communicate with the rest of the world—not just the native English‐speaking world. English is being used not only as a second or foreign language but also as an international language (Richards, 19

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00477.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Foreign‐language teaching methodology has been constantly swayed by trends and developments in allied disciplines, especially the various branches of linguistics. Such influence is inevitable, since a methodology must be based on a certain view of language and of language acquisition. However, as Rivers (1976) pointed out, too great a dependence on other academic disciplines leads to ‘swings of the pendulum’ and leaves the classroom teacher confused and often rather sceptical about any kind of theoretical princ

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00478.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The following story contains a number of words which do not exist. ‘What on earth have they to do with the development of reading skill?’, you may ask. Quite a lot, as you will discover if you try to read the whole story before deciding what the nonsense words mean.Yesterday evening I jiffled a very bad jobble on my way home. A car in front of me was yabbling left when a car coming from the opposite boondrom jaffled into him. The driver of the car in front of me tried to kibble his brakes but there just wasn't enough time. There was a terrible hummelling and jummelling of metal when the other car ran into him. Both cars were terrible blandraggled in the jobble. I didn't stop to see if anybody had been killed. I hope

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00479.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

I began using a drama method in teaching ESL because I was mad about drama myself. I had had many years' experience in teaching drama to English children, with pleasing results. This work had included free dancing, dance‐drama, mime, improvisation, and the production of ‘proper’ plays for paying audiences. When I entered EFL teaching, I resolved to incorporate this delightful activity into my timetable and to see what happened

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00480.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In recent years we have come to hear the phrase ‘focus on the learner’ more and more. Teachers are exhorted to promote student‐centered learning, where the teacher assumes a role that is not so much the giver of knowledge as the facilitator in students' discovering that knowledge themselves. The details of just how the teacher is to do this effectively are often much more sketchy than the details of why she/he should. And for some of us as teachers, there is that little inner fear that the class will founder if we are not obviously at the helm every minute during the class. How can we ‘let go’ of our students, while providing meaningful and structured activities

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00481.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Assessment of the teaching ability of trainee teachers on teaching practice is, of course, common. Less common, perhaps, is the assessment of the oral proficiency in a teaching situation of non‐native speakers of English who are being trained to teach English and/or, in an ESL environment, other subjects in Englis

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00482.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Writers of texbooks published since the beginning of 1978 are invited to submit 1000 word articles discussing the principles underlying their work and accompanied by two pages from the book in question. The articles should be problem‐based, not advertisements, and the extracts should be in a form suitable for reproduction without redrawing. Writers will be responsible for obtaining all necessary permission

ISSN:0883-2919    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00483.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY