ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Recently, dietary pattern analysis has emerged as an alternative and complementary approach to examining the relationship between diet and the risk of chronic diseases. Instead of looking at individual nutrients or foods, pattern analysis examines the effects of overall diet. Conceptually, dietary patterns represent a broader picture of food and nutrient consumption, and may thus be more predictive of disease risk than individual foods or nutrients. Several studies have suggested that dietary patterns derived from factor or cluster analysis predict disease risk or mortality. In addition, there is growing interest in using dietary quality indices to evaluate whether adherence to a certain dietary pattern (e.g. Mediterranean pattern) or current dietary guidelines lowers the risk of disease. In this review, we describe the rationale for studying dietary patterns, and discuss quantitative methods for analysing dietary patterns and their reproducibility and validity, and the available evidence regarding the relationship between major dietary patterns and the risk of cardiovascular disease.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Autopsy findings of pre‐atherosclerotic changes in the coronaries and other arteries of young soldiers killed in action in the Korean war stimulated studies on the mechanisms that regulate the development of atherosclerosis. The data confirmed that vascular changes obviously begin developing much earlier than the manifestation of clinical symptoms, and numerous risk factors for atherosclerosis have been firmly identified. The mechanisms consist of the effects of numerous poorly characterized genes and a complex mixture of environmental factors, dominated by factors associated with nutrition. Observational and epidemiological studies also showed that the pathogenesis is not restricted to the postnatal period. The nutrition of the fetus during the 40 weeks of pregnancy may also play an important role both directly and by determining metabolism in the individual more widely than was previously believed. At the same time, several studies suggested that biochemical predictors of atherosclerosis, e.g. a high concentration of serum LDL cholesterol, a low concentration of serum HDL cholesterol and other lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities, may already in early infancy and childhood predict values later in life quite well. We now review recent studies that deal with the effects of fetal and childhood nutrition on serum lipid values, and discuss the likelihood that clinically meaningful changes of atherosclerosis may appear earlier than expected.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidized fats and lipid oxidation products in the diet can contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The present review summarizes studies that show that oxidized fat and lipid oxidation products are present in human foods; that these compounds are absorbed by the intestine and appear in the blood circulation; and that these ingested substances can have deleterious cardiovascular effects in both humans and experimental animals. However, considerable additional research is required to establish the extent to which dietary fat oxidation poses a threat to human health and/or longevity.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Apolipoprotein E has key functions in lipoprotein metabolism, and polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E gene are associated with distinct lipoprotein patterns. The possibility of gene‐nutrient interactions for apolipoprotein E has been addressed in many studies. Although results have generally been mixed, the indications for such an interaction have been more common in studies employing a metabolic challenge. Studies directly designed to examine apolipoprotein E gene‐nutrient interactions are needed.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;High‐carbohydrate/low‐fat, isocaloric diets have repeatedly been shown to increase plasma triglyceride concentrations. The present review addresses recent developments relevant to several important unresolved issues. These include the type of dietary carbohydrate that is most likely to induce hypertriglyceridemia, predictors of individual susceptibility, modifiable physiologic factors that may mitigate the plasma triglyceride response, underlying metabolic mechanisms that are responsible for increased plasma triglycerides, and implications of altered serum lipid profiles for atherogenic risk. Although some progress has been made in this field, the central public health issue ‐ the net effect on cardiovascular risk ‐ remains unresolved.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Epidemiologic studies suggest an inverse association of tea consumption with cardiovascular disease. The antioxidant effects of flavonoids in tea (including preventing oxidative damage to LDL) are among the potential mechanisms that could underlie the protective effects. Other possible mechanisms include attenuating the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, reducing thrombosis, promoting normal endothelial function, and blocking expression of cellular adhesion molecules. Cocoa and chocolate can also be rich sources of flavonoids. Flavanols and procyanidins isolated from cocoa exhibit strong antioxidant properties in‐vitro. In acute feeding studies, flavanol‐rich cocoa and chocolate increased plasma antioxidant capacity and reduced platelet reactivity. Based on limited data, approximately 150 mg of flavonoids is needed to trigger a rapid antioxidant effect and changes in prostacyclin. Some dose‐response evidence demonstrates an antioxidant effect with approximately 500 mg flavonoids. Brewed tea typically contains approximately 172 mg total flavonoids per 235 ml (brewed for 2 min); hence, consumption of 1 and 3.5 cups of tea would be expected to elicit acute and chronic physiologic effects, respectively. Chocolate is more variable with some products containing essentially no flavonoids (0.09 mg procyanidin/g), whereas others are high in flavonoids (4 mg procyanidin/g). Thus, approximate estimates of flavonoid rich chocolate needed to exert acute and chronic effects are 38 and 125 g, respectively. Collectively, the antioxidant effects of flavonoid‐rich foods may reduce cardiovascular disease risk.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Adipose tissue performs complex metabolic and endocrine functions. This review will focus on the recent literature on the biology and actions of three adipocyte hormones involved in the control of energy homeostasis and insulin action, leptin, acylation‐stimulating protein, and adiponectin, and mechanisms regulating their production. Results from studies of individuals with absolute leptin deficiency (or receptor defects), and more recently partial leptin deficiency, reveal leptin's critical role in the normal regulation of appetite and body adiposity in humans. The primary biological role of leptin appears to be adaptation to low energy intake rather than a brake on overconsumption and obesity. Leptin production is mainly regulated by insulin‐induced changes of adipocyte metabolism. Consumption of fat and fructose, which do not initiate insulin secretion, results in lower circulating leptin levels, a consequence which may lead to overeating and weight gain in individuals or populations consuming diets high in energy derived from these macronutrients. Acylation‐stimulating protein acts as a paracrine signal to increase the efficiency of triacylglycerol synthesis in adipocytes, an action that results in more rapid postprandial lipid clearance. Genetic knockout of acylation‐stimulating protein leads to reduced body fat, obesity resistance and improved insulin sensitivity in mice. The primary regulator of acylation‐stimulating protein production appears to be circulating dietary lipid packaged as chylomicrons. Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity, perhaps by increasing tissue fat oxidation resulting in reduced circulating fatty acid levels and reduced intramyocellular or liver triglyceride content. Adiponectin and leptin together normalize insulin action in severely insulin‐resistant animals that have very low levels of adiponectin and leptin due to lipoatrophy. Leptin also improves insulin resistance and reduces hyperlipidemia in lipoatrophic humans. Adiponectin production is stimulated by agonists of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma; an action may contribute to the insulin‐sensitizing effects of this class of compounds. The production of all three hormones is influenced by nutritional status. These adipocyte hormones, the pathways controlling their production, and their receptors represent promising targets for managing obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;Prebiotics are defined as nondigestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth or the activity of one or a limited number of bacteria (bifidobacteria, lactobacilli) in the colon. Dietary fructans are nutritionally interesting oligosaccharides that strictly conform to the definition of prebiotics and (in view of experimental studies in animals and of less numerous studies in humans) exhibit interesting serum or hepatic lipid lowering properties. Other nondigestible/fermentable nutrients, which also modulate intestinal flora activity, exhibit cholesterol or triglyceride lowering effects. Are changes in intestinal bacterial flora composition or fermentation activity responsible for those effects? What is the future of prebiotics in the nutritional control of lipidaemia and cardiovascular disease risk in humans? Those questions only receive partial response in the present review because studies of the systemic effects of prebiotics are still in their infancy, and require fundamental research devoted to elucidating the biochemical and physiological events that allow prebiotics to exert systemic effects on lipid metabolism.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

&NA;The National Cholesterol Education Program's updated third Adult Treatment Panel report on clinical guidelines for cholesterol testing and management adds to the base of knowledge provided by two previous Adult Treatment Panel reports. Similar to the other reports, it has distinctive features and goals that are in accord with the most currently available clinical trial evidence. The major new feature of the third report is a focus on primary prevention of coronary heart disease in persons with multiple coronary heart disease risk factors. The guidelines provide the rationale for intensive cholesterol‐lowering therapy in clinical management, and they provide detailed information to help inform clinical judgment for implementation of both medical nutrition management (therapeutic lifestyle changes) and drug therapy for treatment of high blood cholesterol.

ISSN:0957-9672    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2002

数据来源: OVID