摘要:

AbstractA theoretical framework is provided to understand a cultural group's definition of and relationship with nature and the environment. The framework draws on a social constructionist perspective that includes aspects of phenomenology and symbolic interactionism to define “landscape” as the symbolic environment created by a human act of conferring meaning on nature and the environment. This landscape reflects the selfdefinitions of the people within a particular cultural context. Attention is directed to transformation of the physical environment into landscapes that reflect people's definitions of themselves and on how these landscapes are reconstructed in response to people's changing definitions of themselves. Case studies from sociology and anthropology illustrate the social construction of nature and the environment. A discussion of the applied implications of the theoretical framework in social impact assessment and the global implications in the shifting power struggle over competing landscapes concludes the pa

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00519.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractDifferences in the types of social conflict occuring in facility siting disputes and toxic contamination cases are compared. An ecological‐symbolic perspective and the concept of strong and weak ties are used to interpret the nature of social conflict in two rural Pennsylvania communities and in cases in the literature. Overall, community solidarity appears likely to be enhanced in siting disputes and undermined in exposure situations. To explain this, two conflict paths are developed that move from the presence or absence of the hazard agent to individual perceptions, the generation of collective threat beliefs and the formation of strong ties, the emergence of alternative leadership and its relationship to official authorities, and finally the formation of weak ties. In each case, the type of community conflict results from the nature of the perceived environmental threat and the social process that threat sets in motion. Practical implications for rural community development are discusse

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00520.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis research documents trends from 1970 through 1990 in the utilization and ameliorative effects of public assistance among poor children in nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) and metropolitan (metro) America. Results indicate that the families of nonmetro poor children rely more heavily on parental earnings and less so on public assistance when compared to their metro counterparts; that there was a sharp rise over the period in reliance on public assistance, especially among nonmetro children, and a corresponding decline in reliance on earnings; that the ability of public assistance to ameliorate child poverty is modest; and that while the ameliorative effects are always greater in metro than nonmetro areas, this disparity declined over the 1980s owing partially to improvement in nonmetro areas.

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00521.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of rural variables on young children's poverty status, adjusting for individual and family characteristics, is explored. The literature suggests that specific demographic variables exert an overwhelming influence on children's poverty status. This is confirmed with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Results also suggest that the residential histories of children have consequences for their poverty status, even after the influence of control variables has been taken into account. The conclusion identifies the integration of survey and ecological data as one promising direction for future research on childhood poverty.

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00522.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA conceptual model of the impact of structural advantage and disadvantage on infant mortality rates is developed and fitted to countylevel data. This model includes mediating endogenous constructs representing medical care availability, the incidence of teenage childbearing, and low birthweight rates and is estimated for three residence categories. Both direct and indirect effects of social structure and teenage childbearing on infant mortality vary significantly across the categories. Structural advantage exerts a significant and negative direct effect on infant mortality rates in urban areas, but in rural areas this effect is indirect, operating through teenage childbearing and low birthweight. Structural disadvantage significantly increases infant mortality in both rural and urban settings, but the effects operate directly in metropolitan areas and indirectly in rural areas. These results underscore the central role that social structure continues to play in determining infant mortality rates in the United States.

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00523.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis study examines variation in filial responsibility expectations‐the extent to which adult children are expected to assist and care for their aging parents‐among a sample of 440 older persons. The analysis focuses on the relationship of filial responsibility expectations to residential location and tests the hypothesis that older rural residents have higher expectations for assistance from their children than do older urbanites. Current residential location is found to have little impact on expectations, but older persons who were raised in rural areas, particularly on farms, have significantly higher expectations for filial assistance than do older persons from urban backgrounds. Possible consequences of these patterns for the transmission of expectations from parents to children are discus

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00524.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractContradictions in agrarian ideology are revealed through an analysis of social dimensions of economic restructuring in rural Iowa. Data are culled from field observations and in‐depth interviews with white European American residents. How rural residents cope with and make sense of the changes within their communities are two interrelated dimensions of social restructuring. The research highlights a perception of sharpening social and economic divisions within two small communities. The social and economic changes challenged residents' self‐definitions, perspectives on rural community life, and previously taken‐for‐granted notions of gender, racial‐ethnic, and class relations. Analysis of field data demonstrates contradictory ways that discourses on agrarianism and gemeinschaft serve as resources as well as impediments to social support and community de

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00525.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractUncertainties facing farm enterprises place a premium on flexibility and adaptability in the work force. A study of 695 North Carolina farm couples is used to examine the extent to which 12 tasks on a farm are shared among family members and hired workers. Using husband alone as the norm, this pattern is contrasted with husband and son, husband and wife, husband and hired help, and husband and other statuses. Production, support, and household tasks are distinguished. Type of crop and amount of machinery used make a difference to status variation in production tasks, requiring more sharing on the part of the husband, but have less impact on support and household tasks. The latter are affected more by whether the husband or wife works off the farm. Despite status variation, farm work remains highly gendered; if the husband shares production work, it is with his son or a hired worker.

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00526.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe claim that large farms with hired labor undermine community institutions and reduce average welfare while family farms enhance these dimensions is tested in the context of Chile's expanding large‐scale export agriculture. The expected negative effect of scale shows up statistically but then disappears when an appropriate regional control is introduced. However, further analysis reveals a negative rural production effect that withstands this control and sets the stage for a competitive test. The counter hypothesis explored rejects production organization of any size as causal, proposing instead that two dimensions of provincial structure‐urban differentiation and pluralism‐interact with efficient production organization, seen as an ad hoc factor, to determine welfare levels. A partial test of this structural mediation model explains much of the variance of infant mortality (the criterion of welfare). Scale has no e

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00527.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Rural Labor: Kassab, Cathy.Income and Inequality: The Role of the Service Sector in the Changing Distribution of Income.Rural Labor: Singelmann, Joachim, andForrestA. Deseran(eds.).Rural Labor: Linder, Marc.Migrant Workers and Minimum Wages: Regulating the Exploitation of Agricultural Labor in the United States.Rural Development: Lyson, Thomas, andWilliamW. Falk(eds.).Forgotten Places: Uneven Development in Rural America.Rural Development: Brown, DavidL., DonaldR. Field, andJamesJ. Zuiches(eds.).Rural Development: Bodenstedt, A. Andreas, StephanMerl, andVladimirA. Nutrikhin(eds.).Rural Development: Bowler, I. R., C. R. Bryant, andM. D. Nellis(eds.).Contemporary Rural Systems in Transition: Volume 2. Economy and Society.Agriculture and Development: Bartra, Roger.Agrarian Structure and Political Power in MexicoAgriculture and Development: Park, ThomasK. (ed.).Risk and Tenure in Arid Lands: The Political Ecology of Development in the Senegal River Basin.Community: LockyerAllan.Clamdiggers and Downeast Country Stores.Community: Gray, Ian.Politics in Place: Social Power Relations in an Australian Country Town.Community: Rapport, Nigel.Diverse World‐Views in an English Villag

ISSN:0036-0112    

DOI:10.1111/j.1549-0831.1994.tb00528.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY