ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ability of microorganisms to metabolise xenobiotic compounds has received much attention due to the environmental persistence and toxicity of these chemicals. The microbial degradation of xenobiotics is seen as a cost effective method of removing these pollutants from the environment by a process now known as bioremediation. Microbial treatment of industrial effluents is also possible. Fundamental work has revealed that a wide variety of microorganisms are capable of degrading an equally wide range of organic pollutants. Pure and mixed cultures of microorganisms have been studied and degradation is observed under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Breakdown products have been found during work on the degradative pathways involved and toxicological assessments using bacteria and higher organisms (fish, plants) have been used to determine the toxicity of these intermediates. Many of the degradative genes responsible for xenobiotic metabolism are present on plasmids, transposons or are grouped in clusters on chromosomes. This provides clues to the evolution of degradative pathways and makes the task of genetic manipulation easier such that new microbial strains capable of efficiently degrading pollutants can be developed. Several enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism have been isolated and factors affecting their activity investigated. Genetically manipulated strains or naturally isolated organisms may be used in the treatment of industrial wastes or as inocula to enhance degradation in the environment. Environmental factors, including pH, temperature, bioavailability, nutrient supply and oxygen availability have been shown to affect xenobiotic biodegradation. These factors must be optimised to obtain a satisfactory microbial treatment process. Using information gained from fundamental research, bioremediation technology has been used to detoxify different contaminated environments and the results of field studies are very encouraging.

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe kinetics of the isomerization of lactose to lactulose in the presence of boric acid and NaOH was studied. A first order equation fits the data for the rate controlling reaction—the formation of a boric acid–lactulose complex. Since the reaction is optimum at a molar ratio of boric acid to lactose of 1·0 and pH 11, a model was developed for application at these reaction condit

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe oxidation of the leucoemeraldine (LM) and emeraldine (EM) states of polyaniline (PAN) and the subsequent reprotonation and reduction of the nigraniline (NA) and pernigraniline (PNA) in acid gold solution were utilized for the spontaneous and sustained reduction of gold. The rate of Au reduction is strongly dependent on the intrinsic oxidation state of the polymer and the polymer surface area. The rate also increases with decreasing pH of the chloroauric solution to about pH ∼ 1. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) results indicate that only elemental gold or Au(0) accumulates on the polymer surface. The N1s core‐level spectra of the protonated and base form of EM films after Au reduction confirm that the intrinsic structure of the polymer remains intact. The process, however, is limited by the decreasing effective surface area of the polymer due to Au deposition. The results indicate that an LM film accumulated up to five times its own weight of Au (Au/monomer mole ratio>2) before the recovery rate was significantly ret

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA simple and effective method of lipase immobilization is described. Lipase fromCandida rugosawas first modified with several hydrophobic modifiers before being adsorbed on to organic polymer beads. The soluble hydrophobic lipase derivatives adsorbed more strongly on to the various polymers as compared with the native lipase. The optimal adsorption temperature of the native and modified lipases on all the polymers was 40°C. The optimal pH of adsorption was between 6 and 7. Lipase immobilized in this manner produced high catalytic recoveries which were affected by the type of modifiers, degree of modification and type of supports used. Monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (1900) activated withp‐nitrophenyl chloroformate was found to be the best modifier of the enzyme at 95% modification, for adsorption to the polymers. Increasing the degree of modification of the enzyme increased the activity which was immobilized. Generally, both native and hydrophobic lipase derivatives showed higher specific activities when immobilized on polar polymers compared with non‐polar poly

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA method for estimating the averaged specific resistance of filtration cake, which avoids the necessity of measuring the liquid invasion volume in capillary suction apparatus (CSA) experiments, is proposed. When insufficient slurry is used, the slurry will exhaust during an experiment and the curve of wet front radius versus time shows transition. The transition point shifts according to the slurry concentration, cake specific resistance and the CSA parameters. Based on the wet front radius and the capillary suction time (CST) of the transition point, the liquid saturation under the inner cylinder can be estimated and the averaged specific resistance of cake calculated without the liquid invasion volume data. The proposed method agrees well with vacuum filtration data.

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe ability of rhamnolipid biosurfactants produced byPseudomonas aeruginosaUG2 to wash a model hydrocarbon mixture from unsaturated soil columns was studied. Both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were effectively removed without soil clogging with non‐recirculating biosurfactant solutions. Recirculation of wash solutions did not substantially affect washing efficiency. Of the several chemical surfactants tested, only Triton X‐100 provided comparable hydrocarbon washing efficiency without soil clogging. The results suggest that UG2 biosurfactants have the potential for remediation of hydrophobic pollutants in unsaturated s

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRacemic amino acid esters were optically resolved via hydrolysis in organic solvents by the catalysis of an industrial alkaline protease, “Alcalase”. The products which were composed mainly of L‐amino acids were insoluble and easily separated by filtration. The activity of the enzyme and enantiomeric excess of the products were significantly dependent on the nature of solvent and the water content in the reaction media. Generally, high values of enantiomeric excess were obtained at low water contents. Many natural and unnatural amino acids were resolved by this m

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractHigh level expression of recombinant human tumour necrosis factor β (rh TNF‐β) inEscherichia coliresults in the formation of two portions of protein, namely soluble active protein and insoluble protein which is inactive and aggregates in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs). In this study, a procedure for purification and renaturation of rh TNF‐β from inclusion bodies has been designed and verified experimentally with a product purity of more than 90% and a recovery of about 30%. The procedure includes washing of IBs with specific wash buffer (Triton X‐100/EDTA/lysozyme/PMSF), their solubilization with 8 mol dm−3alkaline urea, purification with ion‐exchange columns, refolding with renaturation buffer and finally concentration and desalination with an ultrafiltration membrane. The characteristics of the renatured protein were identical with those of purified protein from the soluble fraction as demonstrated by (1) SDS‐PAGE, (2) cytotoxic activity on mouse L929 cells, (3) N‐terminal amino acid sequence, and (4) gel filtratio

ISSN:0268-2575    

DOI:10.1002/jctb.280590111

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY