ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.2

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractA century ago, Japan was extracting technical knowledge and skills by student and other exchanges with abroad — until she had acquired that information. Although excellent at commercially exploiting technology, Japan often remains dependent on technical ideas originating outside Japan. Political and other pressures are demanding more originality from Japanese science and technology. This requires a new emphasis on basic research, more tripartite co-operation between government, industry and academics, and a shift towards meritocracy in education. The militarisation of R&D must be avoided. Given Japan's technological strengths, it will not be easy to reduce the trade tensions with other countries.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.3

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThis article outlines and partly explains the growth of the Japanese electronics industry. Wartime technical skills were initially applied to restoring the national telephone system (which encouraged new technology and quality) and to meeting consumer demands based on a broadcasting boom that followed deregulation (which encouraged diversity). The government largely ignored the industry until the mid-50s; much of the help thereafter was indirect (eg tax incentives). A mixture of competition and industry-wide cooperation, aided by fear of US technical domination, has built up an industry central to the economy and to many older industries (eg through automation). One goal is a sixth generation computer able to provide instant communication between people currently separated by a language barrier, and so to aid the cause of world peace.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.7

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe word international was first used by Bentham in 1789, in a European (and not world-wide) manner. It has retained some associations with the idea of countries protecting themselves against others. The direct translation into Japanese, kokusaika has different connotations: of looking outside, of seeking harmony, of open-mindedness. This philosophy has implications for relations between countries / and is reflected in some other articles in this issue of SPP/.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.16

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractOutsiders often believe that Japan's current success is partly due to her labor-management practices. But in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Japan suffered from very damaging strikes, just as she was trying hard to recover from World War II. Management-union co-operation is the key to Japan's current industrial relations. This came from ‘economic unionism’ (as opposed to ‘political unionism’), which provided a framework for exchange of information and problem-sharing.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.20

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractHaving no nuclear weapons, it may be surprising that Japan is so dependent on nuclear power — for about 21% of electricity generated. Originally Japan imported nuclear technology and fuel, but is now developing the Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) program which could make her self-reliant. Economics and politics have constrained this development, and there is increasing global pressure to reduce plutonium use and to improve waste disposal. More aggressive R&D may be required to demonstrate the competitive merits of the FBR option.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.25

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractThe Japanese are a self-contained race, accepting little immigration or emigration. Japan has selectively accepted and then adapted such imports as Buddhism, democracy and parliament. The idea of a ‘family’ in the domestic sense and within a company is very important. This led to an unusual loyalty in the workplace, which now seems to be declining while the home is increasingly important. Japan is now facing a crisis largely caused by the need to control her economic success internationally, by the many social and related malaises of most advanced countries, and by adapting to information technology.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.33

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractJapan has been a late comer to the international system but has made good progress since the 1970s in foreign aid, direct investment and R&D expenditrue. Japan's large trade surplus is causing internal and external problems; solutions should also relate to the idea of reducing some of the USA's international responsibilities. The undervaluing of the yen and the position of Japan's financial markets is reviewed. Japan's prospects lie with the dynamic Pacific regions.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.38

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractMechatronics is the combination of mechanics and electronics and is an example of technological fusion in which several different industries are involved. This has to be a two-way process, and each industry must research into products other than their principal ones. Technological fusion may well become a standard method of innovation in high technology. This will require good intercompany relations. Although Japan's history has been mainly in the adaptation of foreign technology, she has been an innovator since the creation of mechatronics.

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.44

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP

摘要:

AbstractMilitary R&D is usually tied to specific aims unlike many civil quests for knowledge — even if their interests overlap. Welfare and military research can compete politically, but military R&D is rarely a successful route to economic and social benefits. About one-quarter of all world R&D expenditure is of a military nature and is concentrated heavily in a few countries. This spending is often justified on the basis that military R&D can also have civil applications but is this a valid argument?

ISSN:1660-5527    

DOI:10.1093/spp/13.1.52

出版商:Beech Tree Publishing    

年代:1986

数据来源: OUP