ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00396.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractActual protein amino acid sequences are very different from random assemblages of 20 varieties of amino acids. The separate survey of 20 unrelated proteins in two steps that included eight of the 18 discussed in this paper, revealed that at the level of 5000 total residues, one out of every 32 tetrapeptides appeared in two or more identical copies, whereas at the level of 10 000 total residues, the frequency was elevated to one out of every 29. It would thus appear that only 60 000 or so, out of the possible 160 000 (204) varieties of tetrapeptides, are regularly used by all proteins. These shall be defined as ubiquitous tetrapeptides. Those tetrapeptides occasionally found to be stray which did not belong to the above group of 60 000 must have been generated by new mutations. Thus, they are expected to return to the group by subsequent mutations.The above ubiquity is due to the cardinal principle of protein construction which is like attracting like. On the average, 28% of each residue is devoted to the formation of homodipeptides such as Leu‐Leu, Asn‐Asn and Trp‐Trp. Consequently, homo‐oligopeptides, pentapeptidic and longer, are readily found in two or more proteins unrelated to each other. The next in line among the ubiquitous oligopeptides are those made of similar residues. They usually contain palindromic cores such as Leu‐Val‐Leu, Ala‐Gly‐Ala and Lys‐Arg‐Lys. For example, the hexapeptide Ala‐Gly‐Ala‐Asp‐Ala‐Ala is shared between human phosphofructokinase and bacterial cytochrome C. Provided that they are longer than 60 residues, all proteins contain repeating oligopeptides, tetrapeptidic to heptapeptidic in length. The above principle of like attracting like is the very reason that hydropathic profiles of most proteins readily yield alternating stretches of hydroph

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00397.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryWe tested the hypothesis that either the bovine B or C blood group system is the orthologue of human RH. A comparative linkage mapping strategy was applied, using blood typing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of four loci linked to RH on HSA1; PGD, FGR, ALPL and FUCA1. Four sires with a total of 255 half‐sib offspring were used for the linkage analysis. Strong support for linkage between ALPL, FUCA1 and FGR was obtained for all sire families (lod scores>11 for all pairwise comparisons). This new linkage group was assigned to bovine synteny group U17 based on previous somatic cell mapping of the FGR locus. The most favoured order is ALPL—FUCA1—FGR (2·18:1), with ALPL and FGR 5·4cmand 6·3cm, respectively, from FUCA1. The B and C blood group systems and PGD were genetically independent of each other and all other markers, indicating that neither B nor C is likely to be the bovine orthologue of human RH. However, given available comparative mapping data, there is some chance that the bovine orthologue of RH is on bovine synteny group U6. Although gene order appears to be conserved with humans, the differences in recombination rates between these three loci in cattle, humans and mice strongly suggest that it is not possible to use human map distances to predict map distances in cattle, making it imperative that bovine gene mappers continue to emphasize adding type I markers to the bovine lin

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00398.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryUsing frequencies of 86 genes from 23 loci of blood group systems, blood and milk proteins, the genetic relationships among 14 cattle breeds including four native Balkan and four synthetic Balkan‐Alp breeds were studied. The dendrogram and nonlinear map construction shows a consensus ‘Balkan breed cluster’, an ‘Alp breed cluster’, an unstable position of synthetic breeds and well‐separated American breeds. Positive partial correlations between genetic distance and time elapsed since introduction of farming while keeping geographical distances constant, and regular patterns over thousands of kilometres indicate that large‐scale cattle population movements together with human migration (in the Neolithic age) from the Near East into Europe across the Balkans are the most likely explanation for the genetic distances observed in our data. More recent breed differentiation and selection do not yet blur this initial pattern of European cattl

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00399.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryTo clarify the genetic relationship between Swamp and River buffaloes, the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of nuclear genomic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were analysed. Blood or liver samples from 73 Swamp and three River buffaloes were collected in East and South‐east Asian countries. DNA samples from cattle, goats and sheep were used for comparisons. The analysis of rDNA allowed water buffaloes, cattle, goats and sheep to be characterized by four distinct repeat‐types. However, swamp and river buffaloes showed the same repeat‐type. Divergence of water buffalo and cattle is considered to have occurred approximately four to six million years ago. The RFLPs for mtDNA divided water buffaloes into three haplotypes, swamp‐1, swamp‐2 and river types. Swamp‐1 accounted for 91% of all swamp buffaloes while swamp‐2 was observed only in water buffaloes from Thailand (9%). All river buffaloes were of the same haplotype. No differences were observed between swamp and river buffaloes at the rDNA level. In contrast, a few distinct differences between them were found at the mtDNA level. Therefore, mtDNA polymorphisms provide an adequate means for classifying water buffaloes into either swamp or ri

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00400.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryFormulae express the effectiveness of parentage exclusion tests and differences separating full‐sib pairs by compounding genotypic information on discrete examples of co‐dominant alleles segregating at gene loci on different autosomes. Such polymorphisms occur among structural genes and polymorphic DNA sequences. Two general formulae state the theoretical effectiveness of using co‐dominant alleles for (1) testing parentage and (2) distinguishing sibs. The formula for parentage exclusion tates the probability (PE) that a given series of co‐dominant alleles of known frequency should detect a falsely recorded father (or mother). The other formula describes how genetic polymorphism can distinguished closely related individuals. It states the probability (PS) that alleles distinguish the members of full‐sib pairs, dizygotic twins and tissue chimeras. To derive the two general formulae, particular formulae were calculated forn= 2,3 and 4 co‐dominant alleles. By increasing the numbers of alleles, the formulae were seen to contain recurrent patterns which were then expressed in the two general formulae fornalleles. Some examples demonstrate applications of the two formulae in problems concerning parentage

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00401.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryInjection of mouse scrotum with the bull seminal ribonuclease (BS RNase) isolated from bull seminal vesicle fluid inhibited spermatogenesis and caused a decrease in the weight of the testes. Long‐term injection of BS RNase evoked the production of antibodies which reached the titre 524448. These antibodies did not prevent the aspermatogenic action of BS RNasein vivowhen a twofold higher amount of this enzyme was injected into mouse scrotum. Aspermatogenesis was reversible in both the first and second part of the experiment. During the period of aspermatogenesis the males were sterile. Increasing the amount of BS RNase injections in the second part of experiments caused aspermatogenesis around 3 months. No malformations were observed among offspring of males recovered from the first stage of aspermatogenesis. The antigen—antibody complex preparedin vitroand injected into testes of mice evoked the same degree of aspermatogenesis as the enzyme its

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00402.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryResults from comparative immunogenetic studies on inheritance and identification of four new apolipoprotein B (apoB) allotypes and three additional apoB haplotypes and their distribution in miniature and domestic swine are presented. Immunological surveys on the four new and 16 previously described Lpb allotypes and genetic analysis of their segregation in progenies, of miniature and domestic swine and their crosses, indicate that three new allotypes designated Lpb9, Lpb10 and Lpb101 are individual (mutant) apoB epitopes, each representing a discriminating marker for one of the new apoB haplotypes specified by three new apoB alleles designatedLpb9,Lpb10andLpb101. The fourth allotype, Lpb20, is one of the common epitopes forming the alternative epitope pair with Lpb10, and is a constituent of each of the eight previously described and two new apoB haplotypes. The new apoB alleles have so far been found only in miniature swine, withLpb10being the most frequent in the Göttingen, Vietnamese Potbelly and Japanese Miniature,Lpb9was detected only in Minnesota Miniature and Lpb101 only in Vietnamese Potbelly. The common allotype, Lpb20, shares immunological similarities with human apoB indicating its ancestral origin, whereas none of the alloreagents detecting the three individual apoB variants, Lpb9, Lpb10 or Lpb101, showed cross‐reactivity with human apoB, suggesting their exclusive swine origin and evolvement during speciation through mutatio

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00403.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryA total of 392 pigs of European Landrace and Pietrain origin segregating for malignant hyperthermia (MH) were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/restriction endonuclease test for the C—T mutation at nucleotide (nt) 1843 in the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) gene, earlier identified as the causal mutation for MH. All pigs had been halothane tested and genotyped at linked polymorphic marker loci. There was complete correlation between MH status of the 392 animals, as diagnosed by a combination of the halothane challenge test with S, GPI, H, A1BG, PGD haplotyping, and the DNA‐based test. DNA‐based detection of the MH status in 238 MH‐susceptible heterozygous (N/n) and homozygous (n/n) pigs was shown to be accurate, eliminating the 2% diagnostic error that is associated with the halothane challenge test. The mutation was also associated with an allele of a polymorphic microsatellite (ETH5 001) at theRY

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00404.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

SummaryThe genetic make‐up of Great Basin wild (feral) horses was investigated by blood typing studies. Blood samples of 975 feral horses from seven trap sites in Nevada and Oregon were tested by serological and electrophoretic techniques for genetic markers at 19 polymorphic loci. The average number of variants for the seven feral populations [72·1 ± 3·2 (SEM), range 62–85] was not significantly different from that of 16 domestic breeds (75·0 ± 11·5, range 58–105). The expected average frequency of heterozygotes per locus (average heterozygosity) for the feral populations (0·402 ± 0·009, range 0·368–0·442) was not significantly different from the domestic breeds (0·389 ± 0·045, range 0·295–0·443). Dendrograms constructed using pairwise comparisons of Nei's distance measurements substantiated anecdotal accounts of the origins of Great Basin horses from Iberian, American saddle hor

ISSN:0268-9146    

DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2052.1994.tb00405.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY