ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05849.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05850.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05851.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Multiple sclerosis is most frequently found in Scandinavia, Iceland, the British Isles and the countries settled by their inhabitants and their descendants, i.e. the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. This suggests that the Vikings may have been instrumental in disseminating genetic susceptibility to the disease in those areas, as well as in other parts of the world. The Vikings raided most European countries and settled in Normandy and in Sicily and southern Italy. They engaged in trade with the Arabs along the river routes to the Caucasus, to the Black and Caspian Seas, and penetrated Persia, India and probably China. They also migrated to the East and established the Russian state. Under the name Varangians, they became part of the Byzantine army and were active in all the military activities of the Byzantine Empire. They participated in the Crusades. Russians, many of Scandinavian origin also constituted a regiment of the Mongol army and roamed throughout that Empire as well. The custom of capturing and keeping or selling women and children, which was widespread in the early Middle Ages, as well as the flourishing slave trade in men, were important factors in this genetic dissemination.

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05852.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05853.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Evidence for a viral cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is indirect since no infectious agent has been reproducibly isolated from MS tissues nor has viral genome or antigen been consistently identified. The occurrence of spontaneous human and animal models of demyelination, serologic studies, and epidemiologic data provide pursuasive circumstantial evidence for an infectious trigger in this disease. Potential mechanisms for viral induced demyelination include persistent infection of host tissues or immune mediated organ damage either in the presence or absence of the infectious agent. Any proposed viral candidate should cause demyelination in animals or man and the pattern of infection should be consistent with the unique geographic features of MS epidemiology. In addition, serologic studies should support an infection by the agent and/or viral genome should be detected in MS tissues. At this time no virus can be unequivocally linked to MS but cumulative evidence is more supportive of canine distemper virus than other viruses.

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05854.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05855.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05856.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05857.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Review of studies of incidence of MS over several decades in seven geographical areas scattered over Scandinavia and Finland have shown that incidence rates fluctuate significantly with time in most of the areas but in an inconsistent pattern. The incidence appeared to the lowest in the northernmost parts of Norway indicating that the well‐known north‐south gradient for risk of MS does not hold true for high latitu

ISSN:0001-6314    

DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1995.tb05858.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY