摘要:

AbstractA strain ofAphanocladiumalbum reduces the C‐3 carbonyl group in testosterone or androstendione to to 3α‐allyl alcohol. In some derivatives of these steroids the same carbonyl group is reduced to allyl alcohol with stereospecificity, depending on whether chlorine at C‐4 or a 17α‐methyl group is present. On the other hand, the presence of C‐4 methyl group, a C‐19 hydroxy group, a C‐17 acetyl one, or a double bond conjugated with the 4‐en‐3‐ ketone system totally inhibits the formation of allyl alcohols at C‐3.At the samé time, the C‐17 carbonyl group in androstendione or in its derivatives is reduced to a respective 17β‐alcohol.In the derivatives with an additional 2‐exomethylene group the doubl

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290102

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe procedures generally used for thein vitroinduction of interferon exploit fibroblast or leucocyte culture suspensions. Several factors and conditions influencing the capacity for IFN induction were studied, with the following results.In contrast to previous findings, optimum IFN induction was obtained at 37 °C, rather than 30 °C, when human fibroblasts were induced with 100 μg/ml of Poly (IC). There was a direct correlation between the dose of the inducing agent applied and the amount of IFN produced. Also, the cells were excellently superinducible with metabolic inhibitors like actinomycin D and cycloheximine. In addition, priming procedures enhanced IFN induction in human fibroblasts.Comparing different cell types with respect to their ability to be induced for IFN production, we found that different cell types show great differences in their inducer sensitivity. Finally, the response of different cell culture systems was highly variable when induced with different compoun

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290103

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290105

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractChanges in cultural parameters and the production of some extracellular enzymes during growth and autolysis of the white‐rot fugusPycnoporus cinnabarinushave been studied. At the end of the autolytic period (52 days of incubation) the degree of autolysis was greater than 50%. The laccase activity reached its highest value during the growth period, when the level of the carbon source in the medium was still comparatively high. When the fungus was cultivated in the presence of kraft lignin (Indulin AT) 0.05% (w/v), the activity of laccase was 3 times higher than when grown in the absence of lignin. The presence of lignin did not affect the activities of 1,3‐β‐glucanase, exoxylanase and pro

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290106

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290108

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractCareful examination of the characteristics of both organisms revealed that we are dealing withStreptomyces violaceochromogenesandStreptomyces glaucescens.Calcium chloride decreased the permeability of both organisms as indicated by the low total nitrogen content of their media compared to the controls. Small doses of calcium nitrate suppressed the permeability ofS. violaceochromogenesand increased that ofS. glaucescenswhereas the larger doses were stimulatory for both organisms. Calcium nitrate had similar effects onS. violaceochromogenesonly without affectingS. glaucescens.The stimulatory effects of calcium gradually faded with increased concentration. Calcium chloride increased the proteolytic activity inS. violaceochromogenesmedia; a phenomenon that was apparent inS. glaucescensmedia only in the case of the larger doses. Calcium nitrate suppressed the proteolytic activity inS. glaucescensmedia. The cellulolytic activity of both organisms was suppressed by calcium but amylases were initiated inS. glaucescensmedia. Those ofS. violaceochromogeneswere arrested with the lower levels of calcium but the larger doses restored or stimulated their activity.

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290109

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290111

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis communication reports the association of changes in ultrastructure ofMycobacterium lepraewith alterations in its permeability. To study morphologic changes of the organisms under different conditions (of temperature and exposure to NaOH and trypsin), ultrathin sections of the bacteria were cut and examined in an electron microscope. In the untreated bacilli and those washed with trypsin, the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall (peptidoglycan layer) remained intact; dapsone showed little effect on diphenoloxidase of the bacteria.M. lepraeis unique among mycobacteria in possessing an unusual form of the enzyme diphenoloxidase. The antileprosy drug dapsone is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme, but it does not readily penetrate the bacteria where the cell envelope remains intact. The cell wall ofM. lepraeexposed to −80 °C or washed with NaOH was partially detached from the cell membrane; dapsone readily penetrated these organisms and inhibited the bacterial enzyme. In the above preparations, the cytoplasmic membrane appeared undamaged and the bacteria remained viable, as evidenced by multiplication in mouse foot pads. At 50 °C, the peptidoglycan layer became completely separated from the membrane and the cytoplasm was partially denatured. These organisms were permeable to dapsone, but were no longer viable. At 100 °C, the structural organization of the bacilli was completely destroyed, and of course, they lost their enzyme activity as well as viability. Evidently, the intact cell wall layer mediates the exclusion of dapsone fromM. leprae, and there is no correlation between its viability and permeability. The ultrathin sections also reveal the internal organization and cytoplasmic inclusions ofM. leprae, as never before

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290112

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe influence of two different types ofEscherichia coliKl capsule preparation on the phagosytosis of anE. colilaboratory strain (LN 28) by polymorphnuclear leucocytes (PMNL) is described.Capsule material ofE. coli0 18 and 0 83 was prepared a) from the culture supernatant and b) from a bacterial pellet fraction. When capsule material from the pellet was added to opsonin, before mixing the laboratory strain with the PMNL, it decreased the rate of phagocytosis, compared with untreated opsonin. The preparation from the supernatant of capsule showed no alteration of phagocytosic rate or capacity.These results are explained by the different chemical compositions of the preparations.

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290113

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSome aspects of the regulation of α‐amylase synthesis inBacillus licheniformisCCM 2205 were investigated. The effect of actinomycin D and chloramphenicol was studied at the level of RNA transcription and translation, α‐amylase synthesis inBacillus licheniformisCCM 2205 was practically not altered during the first 20 min after the addition of actinomycin D, although RNA synthesis was almost completely blocked. In contrast to RNA polymerase inhibitor, chloramphenicol stopped immediately the synthesis of α‐amylase. By using the least squares method the mean half‐life of α‐amylase mRNA was calculated to range from 7.5 to 8.4 min. The mean half‐life of cell protein mRNA was determined to range from 2.6 to 3.8 min. Having in mind the immediate effect of chloramphenicol on the α‐amylase synthesis, it can be concluded that de novo protein synthesis is required in the case of actinomycin D resistant

ISSN:0233-111X    

DOI:10.1002/jobm.3620290114

出版商:Wiley‐VCH    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY