摘要:

AbstractHCMM satellite thermal imagery is used in a detailed frost assessment in an important horticultural area near Melbourne, Australia.Good general agreement is found to exist between plots based on night‐time HCMM data which show surface temperature differences across the study area and frost risk maps based on terrain and land cover. However, it is concluded that the HCMM data have insufficient spatial resolution for use in local frost mapping in the study area.Improved thermal resolution will make thermal imagery from future satellites an increasingly important tool in topo‐climatology. Without such improvements, local frost mapping will, in the absence of climatic network data or mobile topo‐climatological surveys, continue to depend on data from thermal scanners in aircraft and on detailed assessment of terrain and land

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030102

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe rainfall persistence at Uccle (Belgium) is examined statistically using 75 years of daily observations. Different kinds of distributions expressing this persistence have been fitted to the sequences of dry and wet days: the geometric series, the logarithmic series, the Eggenberger‐Polya distribution, the simple Markov Chain and the Markov Chain of order higher than one.Wet and dry spells are best described by a Markov Chain model of order four. Nevertheless for wet days, the Eggenberger‐Polya distribution provides a good fit to the observed data. For Uccle, the rainfall persistence seems to remain constant after four consecutive days of precipitat

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030103

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSummer rainfall totals over the eastern Orange Free State are described in terms of number of days of rain and of mean rainfall per rain day. Variations in rainfall may be considered to result from frequency changes in an objectively‐chosen subset of significant rain days. It is demonstrated, through the use of the equationy= αx exp (βx) (wherexandyare the cumulative percentages of the number of rain days and of the rainfall respectively), that increases in mean rainfall per rain day result from an increased number of, and increased intensity of rain on, the heaviest rain days. Some implications of these findings for studies of atmospheric circulation changes and for weather modification are discus

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030104

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn this paper we derive climatic clusters of the Indian region using data on monthly mean profiles of the precipitation, the moisture index (defined as the ratio of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) and of the minimum temperature. The delineation of regions over which the patterns of profiles of important climatic factors such as precipitation are similar is necessary for the determination of meteorological zones over which prediction can be made as well as for understanding the distribution of vegetation cover. The latter has been the major aim of the studies of climatic classification. In the traditional approach to this problem, the meteorological stations in the region are assigned to predetermined categories such as arid, semi‐arid etc. on the basis of the values of the climatic factors (or of the bulk parameters derived therefrom) characterizing these stations.Here the variation of the climatic patterns over the Indian region has been analysed to obtain climatic clusters, which represent natural grouping of the patterns and hence of the meteorological stations at which they occur, as well as the climatic boundaries separating these clusters. This analysis is facilitated by an initial reduction of dimensionality in the description of the patterns achieved by using principal component analysis. Sixteen clusters of the mean monthly profiles of the moisture index have been obtained. It is found that there is a close correspondence between these clusters and the distribution of the vegetation types in the countr

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030105

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe Index of Industrial Production (HP) is used as a measure of output from industry in Great Britain. A time‐series of this Index is derived extending from January 1958 to May 1979. This is compared both with seasonal extremes of climate and with more general departures from ‘average’ conditions, to determine the influence, if any, of weather and climate on industrial production.With respect to extreme seasons, a pronounced decline in industrial production look place during the drought summers of 1975‐6, and the severe winters of 1962‐3 and, to a lesser extent, 1978‐9. Non‐climatic factors, such as industrial disputes, are unlikely 10 have contributed substantially to the shortfall. The categories of industry affected were quite different during the two types of extreme weather event: during the 1962‐3 winter it was industries linked to work out‐of‐doors which suffered, in the 1975‐6 drought it was high water requirement industries.To determine the impact of general weather conditions, three sets of step‐wise multiple regression analyses are performed using a selection of climate and industrial dispute measures as the independent variables. The dependent variables are values of the January and July IIP with the trend expressing economic growth removed, and the size of the labour force in the construction industry in February. The analyses are performed both upon the full time‐series and on the time‐series with the extreme events removed. The results suggest that normal variations in the weather infl

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030106

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractA new structural framework for climate models is presented. Four basic model types are discussed: general circulation models, energy balance models, one dimensional radiative convective models and two dimensional zonally averaged dynamical models. The fundamental importance of three primary processes in the climate system‐radiation, dynamics and surface processes‐is underlined and the degree to which each of these mechanisms is incorporated in each model is highligh

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030107

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030108

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030109

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030110

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0196-1748    

DOI:10.1002/joc.3370030112

出版商:John Wiley&Sons, Ltd.    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY