摘要:

RTs were obtained in a task in which a red or a green stimulus could appear at either of two locations ‐ left or right ‐ and subjects responded by pressing a green button on the left or a red button on the right. Two forms of instruction were used, one mapping stimulus colour onto response location, the other mapping stimulus location onto response colour. Faster performance was hypothesized in the former because it entailed fewer operations in response selection. This was confirmed. Faster performance was also hypothesized when the S‐R relations in the task for both colour and location could be described by a single recoding rule (both “same” or both “alternative”). This was not confirmed, faster performance being obtained only when colour and location were both “same”. Whilst no specific superiority of performance under a single recoding rule was demonstrated, the faster performance under a colour to position mapping was interpreted as showing the general importance of underlying recoding processes as d

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255298

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study was designed to investigate whether there is a relationship between recipients' subjective perceptions of the punishment situation and the effect a punishing stimulus will have on their observed behaviour. The independet variables were the recipients' perceptions of (a) the severity of the punishing stimulus, (b) their locus of control and (c) their control of the punishing stimulus.The results showed that internally oriented men and women took longer to cease responding to a criterion than did those who were externally oriented. Also, the punishing stimulus was rated less severely following its use as a punishment when the recipients could control the onset and offsett of the punishing stimulus than when it was under the control of the experimenter. Furhter, the relationship between the receipients' subjective ratings of the severity of the punishing stimulus and their responding in a punishment situation is not a direct one. It appears to be modified, in part, by the recipients' perceived locus of control, suggesting that person variables, as well as situation variables, should be considered in research dealing with response aversive stimulation.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255299

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Prenatal stress experienced by the mother usually results in behavioural changes in the offspring. The first part of this study is concerned with the mothers, who were either psychologically stressed or were subjected to a control procedure, during pregnancy. At weaning one‐half of each group of mothers was used to establish the glucocorticosterone levels (11‐OHCS), which were found to be lower for females of the stress group than the females of the control group. The other half of the mothers of the two groups was used to establish short term stress levels of the glucocorticosterone response. Similar elevations in the stress response for both groups of mothers were obtained. The second part of the study examined the behaviour of the offspring using the open‐field. One set of offspring was tested at 45 days of age while another set was tested at 90 days of age. Both ambulation and defecation measures were taken. In addition glucocorticosterone levels were also obtained before and after the open‐field testing. The ambulation measure revealed habituation both for animals tested at 45 and 90 days of age. With respect to the defecation measure no significant difference between the groups was obtained at 45 days of age. However, those animals tested at 90 days have a significantly lower defecation score for rats of the stress group as compared to those of the control graup. The major finding of this study is in the glucocorticosterone response. Animals tested at 45 days of age responded with a significant elevation of glucocorticosterone for rats of the stress group as compred with those of the control group. This finding is reversed for those animals tested at 90 days of age. The decrease of glucocorticoids in stressed animals, tested at 90 days of age, can be explained in terms of the traditional view in prenatal psychological stress research, i.e., high levels of 11‐OHCS during the prenatal period resulted in a decreased 11‐OHCS responsiveness. This is inconsistent with the results obtained at 45 days of age. An alternative explanation is examined which suggests that stressed mothers habituated quickly to the stressor and that during pregnancy pups were subjected to less rather than more of the circulati

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255300

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three groups of subjects (students, employed, unemployed) provided causal attributions for 16 items that sampled achievement and affiliation situations and positive and negative outcomes in equal amounts. Results in all three groups showed that the causes of good outcomes were more likely to be judged as internal, stable, and global than the causes of bad outcomes and that good outcomes were rated as more important than bad outcomes. Self‐attributions were more likely to occur for achievement situations than for affiliation situations and the causes of these achievement events were seen as more stable but as less global in their impact. Outcomes relating to achievement situations were also judged as more important. The attribution results were supported by a content analysis that classified causes as characterological, behavioural, external, or mixed. Results were discussed in relation to the literature concerning motivational and nonmotivational explanations of so‐called “self‐serving

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255301

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of group membership on observers' attributional processes. It was hypothesized that an observer's pattern of attribution for success and failure will be a function of the outgroup's relative status, and that more severe rules for the attribution of responsibility would be applied to high prestige actors. One hundred and twenty female undergraduate students, classified as either internal or external on Rotter's (1966) I‐E scale, made causal attributions for success and failure within the study's 2(I‐E) × 3(ingroup/high esteem outgroup/low esteem outgroup) × 2(success/failure) experimental design. The results offered partial support for the study's hypotheses. Primarily the results suggest that similar rules of accountability may operate for both the high esteem outgroup and the ingroup. As for the low esteem outgroup, the pattern of attribution reflects the ambivalence predicted for the subjects in their explanation of the low esteem outgroup's performance. The findings also indicated that internals employed differential dispositional factors to account for the high and low esteem outgroups' performance. The conceptual importance of the findings was discussed with regard to the concepts of responsibility and social categoriz

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255302

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Male and female subjects read a description of a task situation in which two persons (allocator and recipient of unknown sex) worked together, one person obtaining a high score, the other a low score, and in which the allocator then distributed a $10 payment either equally (that is irrespective of performance) or equitably (that is, in accordance with performance input). The results showed that subjects were more positive in various ways to a high‐input, equal allocator and to a low‐input, equitable allocator than to a high‐input, equitable allocator or to a low‐input, equitable allocator than to a high‐input, equitable allocator or to a low‐input, equal allocator. Subjects' reactions to the allocation and to the allocator were mainly unrelated to Protestant Ethic Values assessed by the Mirels and Garrett scale. There was some evidence that female subjects were more in favour of equal allocations when compared with male subjects but, in general, individual difference variables had limited effects and the situational variables we

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255303

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A sample of 235 tertiary students was tested to investigate generalized and individual sex bias in judging the value of eight paintings which were randomly attributed to either male or female artists. No overall bias against women emerged, but subjects consistently gave lower ratings to female artists when their work was described as having won a competition. For works described merely as entrants, the opposite was found. Individual sexism scores were calculated to reflect comparative preference for the works attributed to male or female artists. Reliability and validity data on these scores were gathered. The scores were found to have little relationship to sex role self‐descriptions or personal value systems. The findings were discussed in relation to previous work, cultural ideology relating to sex and gender differences and social chang

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255304

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The mean duration for which Chinese infants aged 63 to 135 days (mean age 94 days) maintained grasp of a rattle did not differ consistently between the left hand and the right hand. This result contrasts with the asymmetry in grasp favouring the right hand found by Caplan and Kinsbourne with infants of similar ages using the same procedures.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255305

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In devising his logarithmic (log) law of sensation, Fechner assumed the subjective size of the just noticeable difference (JND) to be constant, irrespective of sensation magnitude. Fechner's assumption was later discredited when the log law failed to account for loudness data. This note reinterprets failure of the log law in terms of failure of Weber's law, and shows that Fechner's assumption is consistent with empirical studies on loudness.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255306

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The single criterion of current employment status used by Dowling and O'Brien (1981) to define “employed” and “unemployed” groups is questioned. The two groups may have differed little in mean duration of unemployment, which may account for their similarity on mean “wor

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538308255307

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY