摘要:

The present experiment assessed the effects of response cost on several unpunished reinforced responses. and thus provided a systematic replication of Crosbie (1990) and a further analysis of Dunham's propositions (Dunham. 1971, 1978; Dunham&Grantmyre, 1982). Four university students made key‐press responses on a computer keyboard and won and lost money as reinforcement and punishment, respectively. Ten responses were reinforced, but only one response was punished. Baseline and response cost conditions alternated in a multi‐element baseline design. and response cost produced rapid sustained reduction of the target response for 3 of the 4 subjects. Interrupted time‐series analysis and the binomial test of multi‐element components found that unpunished responses increased for 3 subjects and decreased for 1 subject In contrast to Crosbie (1990). the present nontarget responses did not decrease dramatically when response cost was introduced; they either increased or decreased slightly, or maintained their baseline trends. Response rates were examined for all 10 responses during the final stages of the baseline and response‐cost phases, and no support was found for Dunham's propositions. Support was found, however, for the proposition that unpunished responses function as a set (Crosbie. 1990; Deluty. 1976; de Villiers, 19

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259088

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The unidimensionality of the British version of the Attitudes towards Women Scale (AWS‐B) was evaluated through factor analysis of responses from three separate samples. Each sample produced several factors, with a few factors being more or less commonly found in each sample. These results indicate the AWS‐B is multidimensional and that it is conceptually hazardous to use the scale to give a single score representing a person's “attitude to women”. The paper concludes with a consideration of some broader problems involved in trying to measure “attitude(s)

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259089

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated hypotheses relating attitudinal similarity (religious orientation and marital roles) and balanced levels of relationship structure (cohesion and adaptability) to levels of satisfaction among 100 married de facto couples participating in the ENRICH program throughout Australia. similar religious orientation was associated with higher levels of couple satisfaction in regard to personality issues, conflict resolution. financial management, leisure activities. children and marriage and family and friends. Similar attitudes towards marital roles were related to higher levels of satisfaction in the areas of global satisfaction. conflict resolution financial management, and leisure activities. Couples whose relationships were balanced an adaptability were more satisfied on all satisfaction dimensions relative to more rigid or more chaotic couples. Balanced cohesion was not related to couple satisfaction. However, the results indicated that high levels of satisfaction were reported by couples who were highly cohesive and also balanced on adaptability.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259090

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper reports a study wherein assumptions usually associated with theories of visual pattern recognition are applied directly to the proceesing of musical patterns. The investigation was on the effects of musical training, repetition, and objective Complexity on judgments of relativepleasingnessandcamplexityof short musical compositions. Forty subjects judged the pleasingness and complexity of four piano compositions before. during, and after either successive or random repetition. As predicted, pleasingness judgments were found to be a function of both objective complexity and training. Whereas successive repetition precipitated changes in judged pleasingness, random repetition did not. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of interchange of the distinctive rhythm feature which brought about a subsequent reversal in judged complexity ranks. but had no effect on judged pleasingness. It was concluded that pleasingness relates to higher order interaction of features, such as cohesion and variation, and it is argued that the vision‐audition analogue is a useful theoretical framework for future studies of music cogniti

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259091

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Ninety‐nine high school students indicated their preference for each of eight problem‐solving tasks on the understanding that they would subsequently work at their most preferred task Subjects also completed questionnaires that provided measures of the achievement striving and impatience‐irritability components of Type A behaviour. Results showed that achievement striving was positively related to preference for problem‐solving tasks that involved effort and working rapidly and to preferred level of task difficulty, but negatively related to preference for problem‐solving tasks involving little effort and a slow pace of work. Impatience‐irritability was negatively related to preference for problem‐solving tasks involving both effort and working slowly. The results support the view that individuals prefer situations that are consistent with their personality characteristics. The results also underline the importance of studying the separate components of Type A behaviour and they have implications for he

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259092

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On the basis of Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) cognitive‐phenomenological theory of stress and coping, it was poposed that the level of strain (or subjective stress) associated with new parenthood is related to a person's generalised control beliefs, their appraisal of the event on several different dimensions (importance, anticipated difficulty, familiarity, and ambiguity), and a number of event‐related characteristics (delivay complications. infant temperament, and the accumulation of recent and concurrent stressors). Langitudinal data collected from a sample of 123 couples during the transition to parenthood provided some support—even when the level of initial distress was controlled—for the proposed effects of these variables. Importance of the event, anticipated difficulty of the event, familiarity with the event, infant temperament, and the experience of recent and concurrent stressors emerged as distinctive predictors of at least one of the measures of strain (postnatal anxiety and appraisal of the event's stressfulness). There was also evidence to suggest the event was appraised as more stressful by females than males and that effects of control beliefs. anticipated difficulty of the event, accumulation of recent and concurrent stressors, and infant temperament an postnatal anxiety, differed for the tw

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259093

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Inspection time (IT) has been intensively investigated as an experimental correlate of IQ, but relatively few attempts have been made to analyse its cognitive content. Many writers have ignored the cautions expressed by the originators of IT and have treated it as the measure of a common. noncognitive or minimally cognitive, precursor to cognitive activity. An alternative concept of IT is offered which indexes the time taken for the processing required by specific experimental tasks. According to this view, correlations with cognitive ability measures are strongly influenced by the specific overlap ping content of the experimental task and the ability test. Rather than a fixed quantity that reflects the efficiency of the nervous system. IT can be seen as a suitable tool for analysing the cognitive content of different experimental tasks. This altemative view was tested in an experiment that varied the cognitive load of experimental tasks within an IT procedure, and that related verbal and nonverbal measures of IT to verbal and nonverbal ability measures. The results of the experiment supported the alternative view.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259094

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Roberts (1987) pointed to the high level of reproducibility in the data cited by Gibbs and Ng in support of their three‐stage model of memory formation. Ng and Gibbs (1987) attributed less‐than‐change variability within their results to characterstics of the single‐trial passive avoidance paradigm. However, data Collected by other experimenters who have used this paradigm in the same laboratory as Gibbs and Ng demonstrate variability in retention rates at levels expected by chance. Although some of the findings central to the three‐stage model have been replicated the basis for less‐then‐expected variability in the data obtained by Gibbs and Ng mains to b

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259095

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The data on which our three‐stage model of memory formation was based showed less‐than‐expected variability under a X2goodness‐of‐fit tat (Ova, 1991). The issue of appropriateness of a rejection of the null hypothesis due to too mall a X2is discussed. Statistical tats by Over on data horn our experimental records did not uncover irregularities in the data. Deliberate bias as an alternative to the null hypothesis is rejected. Unintentional bias remains a possibility, but evidence to date casts doubt m this. It is concluded that the validity of the model is not affected by the less‐than‐expected variability in the data. Key features of the model have been replicated by other

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259096

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Child Sexual Abuse ‐ The Search for Healing: Christopher Bagley and Kathleen King (1990). London. Routledge ix + 276. Hardback $75.00, Paperback 529.95.Bound to Care: VA Braithwaite. (1990). Sydney. Allen&Unwin, xi + 179, $19.95The Psychology of Religion: An Introduction: Lawrence Brown (1988). London. SPCK. x + 150. £6.95.Group Processes Dynamics Within and Between Groups: Rupert Brown. (1988). Oxford, Basil Blackwell. xii + 297. $34.95, paper.Psychometric Properties of Fourteen Latent Constructs from the Oregon Youth Study: Deborah M. Capaldi&Gerald R. Patterson. (1989) New York. springer‐verlag. ix + 288. No price given.Key Issues in Business Ethics: John Donaldson (1989). London. Academic Press Limited. xxiv + 227. No price givenPrimate Social Systems: Robin I.M. Dunbar (1988). Croom Helm, London. viii + 373. $122.95.Theories of Visual Perception: L.E. Gordon. (1989). New York. John Wiley&Sons. xiii + 273. Sterling £29.95 cloth: £12.50, paper.Profile Analysis: Auditory Intensity Discrimination: David M. Green (1988). N.Y. Oxford University Press vi + 138. $92.50.Current Issues in Clinical Psychology 1987: David Glasgow and Nadine Eisenberg (Eds.) (1988) Aldershot Gower Publishing Co. Ltd. xii + 225. £25.00.Overcoming Agoraphobia: Conquering Fear of the Outside World: Alan Goldstein md Berry Stainback (1987). N.Y. Penguin Books. vi + 293. $12.99, pager.Human Relationships in Education: Eric Hall and Carol Hall. 1988. London. Routledge. vii + 264. $74.95, cloth.introduction to Social Psychology: M. Hewstone, W. Stroebe, J. Codol,&G. Stephenson (Eds.). (1988). Basil Blackwell Inc. xix + $34. $34.95, paper.Psychotherapy and Behaviour Change: Social, Cultural and Methodological Perspectives: H. Nick Higginbotham, Stephen G. West and Donelson R Forsyth. (1988). N.Y. Pergamon. vii + 351. $19.50, gaper.Emotions, Cognition, and Behaviour: C.E. Irard, J. Kegan&R.B. Zajonc (Eds.). (1984) Melboune Cambridge University Press x + 620 $59.50, paper.The Psychology of Bargaining: Bromley Kniveton (1989). Aldershot, England. Avebury. ix + 169. SUK22.50.Adult Obesity Therapy: Mchael D. LeBow (1989). New York. Pergamon x + 139. $26.50, paper.Between Psychology and Psychotherapy: a Poetics of Experience: Miller Mair. (1989). London. Routledge. xv + 292. $59.95, cloth.Human Organic Memory Disorders: Andrew R. Mayes. (1988) Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 300. $37.00. Paperback.A Family in Therapy: Peter McCallum and Moshe Lange (1989), Melbourne. McPhee Gribble/Penguin. 291 pages $14.99, paper.Distribution‐Free Tests: H. R. Neave&P. L. Worthington, (1988), London, Unwin Hyman, xvi + 430, $52.00. paper.Loss of a Baby: Understanding Maternal Grief: Margaret Nicol (1989). Bantam Books., N.S.W. Australia. 181 $16.95.Bias In Quantifying Judgments: E. C. Poulton (1989) Hove and London: L. Eribaum Associates. xxi + 304. Aust $69.00.Memory Development Bebeen 2 and 20: Wolfgang Schneider and Michael Pressley. (1989). New York. Springer‐Verlag. x + 274. $58.50Emotions and Social Change: Card and Peter Stearns (Eds.) (1988) N. Y. Homes and Meier. viii + 231. $49.50, cloth.Psychology An Introduction: Jeff Summers, Ron Borland and Michael Walker. (1989). Milton, Queensland. John Wiley and Sons xi + 914. $44.95, paper.Music, Mind and Education: Keith Swanick. (1988). London. Routledge. xi + 169. $89.95 hard. $29.95 paper.Animal Learning. An introduction: Stephen F. Walker (1987) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. xiii + 426. $87.95, cloth; $38.95, paper.Evaluation of Human Work: John R. Wilson and E. Nigel Corlett (Eds.), (1990). Basingstoke, U.K. Taylor and Francis: xi + 890. Cloth GBP $60.00. Paper GBP $25.00.Becoming a Clinical Psychologist: R.H. Woody&M. Robertson. (1988) Madison. Connecticut Ineternational Universities Press Inc: X&333. US $4

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539108259097

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1991

数据来源: WILEY