摘要:

An experiment on the “psychological refractory period” was performed in which there was event certainty and high temporal certainty about S1. Delays in responding to S2 were less than predicted on an expectancy model or from the single‐channel hypothesis when I

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254589

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In his fixed address model for short‐term memory Conrad (1965) suggested that order errors in recall arise from fortuitous selection of intrusions from an unordered response availability store. In the present experiment subjects recalled consonant trigrams of high acoustic confusability, each trigram being followed by an interpolated task of acoustically similar or dis‐similar letters. Order errors occurred more often in recall than predicted by the fixed address model. Also, there was no significant tendency for order errors to decrease when the interpolated task was similar to the message to be recalled, although such a decrease is predicted by Conrad's model. It was concluded that the traditional distinction between intrusion and order errors is valid, and that messages for short‐term memory are coded along at least two dimensions, one designating item content, and the other, the order of

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254590

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An experiment in which three groups of 10 Ss made absolute (identity) judgements of lifted weights under no anchor (NA), heavy anchor (HA), and light anchor (LA) conditions is described. No contrast effect induced by LA could be demonstrated but HA induced a significant contrast effect. It is concluded after an examination of response uncertainty conditional upon the individual stimuli, response speed scores and confidence scores that the primary effect of HA was to reduce the relative discriminability of series stimuli nearest HA and to increase the relative discriminability of those stimuli furthest from HA.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254591

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In Experiment 1, 18 cross‐bred fowls were run on standard closed field test problems and their performance compared with that of rats, cats, possums and ferrets. The fowls exhibited learning rates similar to those of possums and lower than those of rats, cats and ferrets, but contrary to prediction they showed little use of available visual cues. In Experiment 2, 12 cross‐bred fowls were run through the same problems but this time the walls of the maze problems were painted black instead of white while the maze pathway remained white. While their learning rates remained unchanged, the fowls made fewer errors in the high contrast maze and gave evidence of using visual cues in a manner similar to cats. The two experiments demonstrate the value of what Bitterman (1965) calls “control by equation” for interspecies comparison, i.e. of using proportional rather than absolute measures of performance in describing and interpreting the performance of different species on learnin

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254592

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Human Ss were required to learn five simple paired associates. With speed of response as a measure and the presentation of the correct response item as reinforcement, both delay of reinforcement and activity during delay impaired training performance, confirming a similar previous finding by Champion and McBride (1962). Interference was no greater for activity composed of common associations with the stimulus than for unrelated material. Statistical treatment of the parameters of fitted hyperbolic curves revealed that both delay and activity significantly reduced performance asymptote. The curve parameters also showed that activity was a significant determinant of growth rate although delay interval produced no significant growth effect. Lengthening the delay interval late in training lowered the performance of both active and inactive Ss; shortening the delay resulted in faster responding by only the active Ss.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254593

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four animals of the species Tachyglossus aculeatus were trained to make a position response on a T‐maze task. During acquisition the number of correct choices as well as running speed systematically improved. Extinction of the habit showed a return to chance behaviors and lengthening of running time. The T‐maze task appears to be a satisfactory method for studying learning in this spec

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254594

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Studies of examiner expectancy effects on inkblot test responses were examined, especially those not available for Rosenthal's (1969) review. These newer data suggest that the direction of expectancy effects is different for different dependent variables and, hence, the importance of including no‐expectancy control groups in studies of new dependent variable

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254595

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Earlier reports on the occurrence of a tactile movement aftereffect following protracted stimulation of the skin by a moving object disagree. A series of preliminary experiments and two main experiments failed to confirm the occurrence of an aftereffect. In the two main experiments only 1 of 80 Ss reported an aftereffect after cessation of real movement and it was in the unexpected direction.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254596

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In the Tilted Room Illusion (TRI) Ss judging verticality use conflicting visual (V) and nonvisual (NV) cues. Consistent individual differences occur and sex differences develop with age. The hypothesis that learning contributes to these differences was tested by attempting to find a training situation which altered the TRI. In the first experiment, five groups of 14 Ss were trained in different judgments. Three groups showed a reduction in the TRI compared to a group of 14 Ss who received no training.In a second preliminary experiment 4 Ss were intensively trained, each in a different task. The TRI was reduced only when the NV cues were positively reinforced in a V‐NV cue conflict situation. Intensive training which reinforced either modality, in situations where there was no intermodal discordance, had no effec

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254597

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

240 first year Teachers' College students were allocated to one of three groups, high anxiety (HA), moderate anxiety (MA), low anxiety (LA), on the basis of their scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS). Members of each group were randomly assigned to either a stress or a non‐stress experimental condition. Under both conditions, subjects were asked to learn the order in which fourteen coloured geometric forms were presented to them. Five trials were given. Results supported the hypothesis that the MAS is a measure of emotional reactivity, and not a measure of chronic anxiety as is often suppose

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537108254598

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1971

数据来源: WILEY