摘要:

Pupils in 14 secondary classes were given an intelligence test and the Test Anxiety Scale for Children (TASC) early in the school year. Marks in mathematics in both progressive and terminal examinations were collected and analyzed as a function of anxiety, intelligence and method of examining. The experimental hypothesis was that high test anxious children would perform relatively better under the less stressful conditions of progressive examining than under terminal examining when compared with low anxious children in the same class. The anxiety/method‐of‐assessment interaction was significant and in the predicted direction. Implications for school examining practices are discus

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255203

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using a non‐chain delay situation in a Skinner box, groups of rats were trained to press a bar in response to tones of 8000 Hz and 2000 Hz, but were reinforced in the presence of only 1 of these tones either 0.5, 4.0 or 7.0 sec. after the bar press. The tone changed to 4000 Hz after the delay interval at which time reinforcement occurred. Learning occurred in all groups though the groups with greater CS‐UCS interval were slower in rate of learning. This result was considered to support the Champion&Smith modification of Spence's incentive‐motivation hypot

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255204

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Conservation of quantity was analysed as a classification task. Quantities were classified according to height and breadth into a 2‐dimensional classificatory system. This system corresponds to the operation of logical multiplication of heights and breadths. It is also a system in which allSs'judgments, perceptual and cognitive, are brought into consistent relationships with one another. The system was taught by trainingSsto recognise correspondences between equivalent categories of quantities in different sets of material. Learning set training consisting of 14 problems over 7 sessions was given to pre‐school children, to nonconservation children over 5 years and to conservation children. All subjects over 5 years showed improvement over problems. Pre‐school subjects did not. The experiment is interpreted as showing that pre‐school children cannot contruct the logical basis of conservation, whereas children over 5 show some ability t

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255205

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although it has been a common finding that social class differences exist in the use of language, it is not known whether nonverbal communication is also used differentially by different SES groups. Videotaped recordings were made of the interactions between 2 divergent SES groups of 15 mothers and their preschool children in 2 situations. Data were analyzed with respect to three nonverbal variables. It was found that low SES mothers used more physical contact during a practical task; no difference existed between the SES groups on physical closeness during the tasks; the high SES motherchild pairs exchanged more mutual glances. The implications of these results for teachers are discussed.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255206

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Data from a study of Australian State stereotypes were used to test predictions derived from a functional theory of stereotypes. Both uniformity and differentiation appear to co‐exist in a single stereotype, and both were positively related to familiarity among States. However, where a measure of guessing was employed, differentiation increased greatly in stereotypes among least familiar States. The confinnation of the predictions was considered to support the hypothesised function of stereotypes as both efficient and accurate tools in intergroup relation

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255207

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In many experiments concerned with the apparent reversal of rotary motion in depth (AR) the same Ss have been used under a number of conditions, but there has been no attempt to establish whether there is interaction between type of stimulus object and order of presentation. 2 experiments were carried out, and since a significant interaction occurred in one experiment it was concluded that independent groups of Ss should be used in experiments on AR, and that the results of experiments where no such test has been made should be interpreted with caution. It was also claimed that in any experiment in which Ss are used under more than one condition it should be established whether or not such interaction occurs.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255208

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Worthington has reported a study which employed rate of dark adaptation as an index of perceptual defence. Recently Weintraub&Krantz reported a replication study which failed to reproduce the original findings. It can be argued that this was not a true replication but nevertheless the reliability of the original findings and the potential usefulness of the procedure were placed in doubt. The study reported here represented an attempt to improve the procedure originally utilised and to evaluate the consistency of the effect. The most significant improvement in technique concerned the use of one test stimulus throughout the entire procedure and the use of improved measurement techniques. The results strongly support Worthington's original interpretation that, using appropriate methodology, it is possible to demonstrate the existence of a perceptual component in perceptual defence.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255209

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The duration of the aftereffect of seen movement was investigated using a sectored disc, a spiral and the “waterfall illusion” as stimulus objects. Using 30Ss, the relationships between these stimuli were examined. No significant differences were found in the duration of the respective aftereffects. In future experimentation the spiral should not be used because of the complexity of the aftereffects following stimulation, particularly if objective methods of measurement are to be sou

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255210

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous work has shown that detection of near‐threshold signals is improved when simultaneous bisensory presentations of signals are used rather than single presentations. The present experiment extended this result to discrimination situations, showing that bisensory presentations of the same information improve discriminability and do so even over some situations where a signal is duplicated in the same modalit

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255211

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Discrimination among randomised dot patterns which varied in the number of dots used, was shown to be better with duplicated than with single presentations. This finding is in line with previous work using unisensory and bisensory multiple inputs. The present experiment also showed that whereSsmake successive judgements of the same display, and these judgements conflict with one another, one being correct the other wrong, this conflict is resolved with a better than chance likelihood of being correct. It was also shown thatSs‘ confidence in amended judgements is lower than in repeated judgements. The tendency to “guess correctly” between conflicting judgements, may be the basis for the improvement in detection and discrimination performance previously observed with multiple i

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537008255212

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY