摘要:

Five experiments were conducted to gather preliminary data on the magnitudes of the tilt illusion and aftereffect as a function of the relative lengths of single inducing and test lines. In general, the experiments suggested that the illusion and aftereffect are smaller when the inducing line is shorter than the test line but not when the inducing line is longer than the test line. Hence, the two effects do not appear to be line‐length specific. Although inducing line length seemed to affect the illusion and aftereffect to different extents, further evidence is required to substantiate this apparent differenc

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255234

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Progressive reinforcement schedules (i.e. progressive ratio or interval schedules) have had limited use. What studies have been done show them to be valuable in testing perseverative hypotheses. Using these schedules the effects of variables that may affect perseveration, or persistence, of behaviour, can be assessed. Such variables are reinforcement magnitude, motivation conditions, and physiological manipulation using drugs, brain lesions and so on.Perseveration has been measured by the total number of responses or the size of the last completed ratio before responding becomes infrequent at the “break‐point”. Other dependent variables, such as the session time or the rate of responding may be used also to measure perseveration. The question of the criterion of the “break‐point” is discussed.The relationship between the different progressive schedules, the property of their aversiveness, the effects of various variables on them and the potential use of these schedules ar

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255235

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Form D of the Rokeach Value Survey was administered to respondents in two samples in metropolitan Adelaide in 1972 and 1973. The relative importance assigned to each value was analyzed across five levels of income for heads of households in each sample. As in Rokeach's 1968 American survey beingcleanwas assigned higher relative importance by lower income groups than by higher income groups both in 1972 and 1973. In both years, higher income groups assigned relatively more importance than lower income groups to asense of accomplishment, mature love, and beinglogical. The Adelaide results and Rokeach's results were compared and discussed.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255236

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a description of total institutions Goffman stated that his classification was not neat, exhaustive, or of immediate analytic use. This paper uses the terms of structural role theory to overcome these problems. When Goffman's three criteria are used simultaneously, there emerge eight instead of five categories of total institutions. The structure of the inmate role is analysed by using the categories of a structural role theory and relating them to Allport's idea of partial inclusion. The analysis is presented in the form of propositions for empirical research, and comments are made on the practical value of the anlaysis.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255237

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated whether performers and observers in an observational learning situation are affected differently by the consequences of actions taken during learning. Subjects worked in pairs, one performer and one observer, and were required to identify and remember the correct member of word pairs, displayed on a panel. SomeSs were exposed to completely correct performances, otherSs to performances which included some errors. AllSs were required to identify the correct members of the word pairs in a retention test. Results indicated that observers learned the discrimination as efficiently as performers, and that making decisions and errors interfered with the learning of performers, but not of observers.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255238

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This experiment tested, and its findings supported, the hypothesis that in a 3‐choice visual RT task condition in which one signal was brighter than the other two, RT to all three signals would be significantly longer than the corresponding RTs obtained in a separate condition where all three signals were of equal brightness. The general nature of this effect, it is argued, implies that a unitary decision process which was affected by stimulus intensity, was applied to all stimuli, rather than each stimulus being dealt with independently of the others in that condition. The possible relevance of this method for the study of changes in information processing which occur with practice is note

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255239

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Analysis of data from comparative judgments of loudness suggests that the TOE and the cross‐over effect are both reflections of the operation of a common judgment process. This process is tentatively identified as the making of an implicit verbal response which serves to recode the information in the stimuli. The results of three experiments on comparative judgment of loudness are described which are consistent with this suggestio

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255240

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When noxious unavoidable events (e.g., shocks) are signalled (e.g., by a 5‐sec. tone), it is widely believed that there is informational control (IC) in the sense that signalling reduces perceived event noxiousness; the IC mechanism arises through signal‐elicited preparatory anticipatory responses which reduce event noxiousness; there is a preference for signalled over unsignalled events (preference for signalling). Since these beliefs, though related, are different, the relevant evidence from the Toronto laboratory is presented separately for each bekf. That evidence, comprising studies published from 1970–1974 and some additional unpublished experiments, indicates: (a) no support for an IC mechanism in the electrodermal, plethysmographic, and cardiac response systems; (b) no support for IC itself with shocks and loud noises as noxious events; (c) no general preference‐ for‐signalling (PFS) phsnomenon (assertion based on total of over 570 Ss); but (d) a recent but consistently emerging specific PFS which appears based on Ss' (false) beliefs in the benefits of signalling. There follow some methodological claims which partially integrate the Toronto studies with apparently conflicting evidence from other laboratories. Complete integration involving a statement of the conditions under which signalling has beneficial, detrimental and no effects is not yet possible because of the empirical complexity of the problem, a complexity which requires an investigative rather than a demonstrational experimental approach. To illustrate the apparent strength of the latter approach, some examples are given of the current strong but unjustifiable Zeitgeist in favour of such beliefs as the generality of the PFS phenomenon

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255241

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Some Must Watch While Some Must Sleep. William C. Dement.Sleep and Dreams. Wilse B. Webb and H. W. Agnew, Jr. Dubuque, IowaSleep Research: A Critical Review. Frank R. Freemon.The Metaphorical Bruin. Michael A. Arbib.Mental Tests and Cultural Adaptation. L. J. Cronbach and P. J. D. Drenth (Eds).The Double Brain. S. Dimond.Handbook of Abnormal Psychology. H. J. Eysenck.The Experimental Study of Freudian Theories. Hans J. Eysenck and Glenn D. WilsonAn Introduction to Environmental Psychology. W. H. Ittleson, H. M. Proshansky, L. G. Rivlin, G. H. Winkel.Educational Differences. Arthur R. Jensen.Clinical Behaviour Therapy. Arnold A. Lazarus (Ed.).Advances in Psychobiology, Volume 1. G. Newton and A. H. Riesen (Eds.).Psychology and Visual Aesthetics. R. W. Pickford.Rehaviour arid Perception in Strange Environments. Helen E. Ross.The Disabled Learner: Early Detection and Intervention. Paul Satz and John J. Ross (Eds.).Introduction to Biopsychology. Richard F. Thompson.The Four Horsemen: Racism, Sexism, Militarism and Social Darwinism. E. Tobach, J. Gianutsos, H. R. Topoff&C. G. GrossThe Analysis of Subjective Culture. Harry C. Triandis.Fundamental Issues in Psychologv. Max Wertheimer.Personality and Prediction: Principles of Personality Assessment. Jerry S. Wiggins.An Introduction to Community Psychology. Melvin Zax and Gerald Specter.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537508255242

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1975

数据来源: WILEY