摘要:

Howell, Smith, and Stanley (1981) found no significant differences between normal readers and specific reading‐disabled children in spatial‐frequency‐dependent visible persistence durations as previously demonstrated by Lovegrove, Heddle, and Slaghuis (1980). Howell et al. (1981) argued that the difference between these two sets of results may have been due to their use of a flicker‐free oscilloscope which reduced transient involvement whereas Lovegrove et al. (1980) used a tachistoscope which included some physical flicker. Four experiments are reported which investigate the role of physical flicker in visible persistence in controls and SRDs. The results indicate that the presence of stimulus flicker plays a role in determining visible persistence differences between the groups and are consistent with the proposal of a transient system deficit in the SR

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256412

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Abnormal clumsiness was investigated within the Framework of an information processing model using chronometric techniques. Eight clumsy and eight normal children were tested in two experiments in which between‐group comparisons were made of the functioning of the perceptual and response selection processes. The processing of both proprioceptive and visual stimulus information was investigated.Clumsy children were found to process proprioceptive information more slowly than do normal children. However, in this modality, neither the perceptual nor response selection processes were effectively manipulated. By comparison, no difference in the rate of processing of visual information was found. In this modality both processes were effectively manipulated and groups were not differentially affected. Thus, the findings suggest that abnormal clumsiness is associated with an information processing dysfunction which is specific to the proprioceptive modality. Moreover, the findings suggest that clumsiness is not associated with a defect of the response selection proces

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256413

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines sex differences in nonverbal communication and possible explanations for these differences. Explanations are discussed for both encoding and decoding, including the probable reasons for women being generally more accurate decoders than men and “losing their advantage” over men in situations where the encoder is known or where deception or channel discrepancy is involved. Explanations for sex differences in nonverbal communication generally focus on what it is about women which causes them to decode less accurately in these particular situations rather than why men generally decode poorly, except in these specific situations. This bias occurs despite the fact that both men and women have difficulty decoding discrepant and deceptive communications. It will be argued in this paper that the most parsimonious explanation of sex differences in nonverbal accuracy involves women's greater knowledge of and endorsement for social rules about (a) emotional supportiveness and politeness, (b) display and decoding rules concerning how emotional messages should be sent and attended to, and (c) the specific codes and usages of nonverbal communicat

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256414

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Students (N= 334) in their penultimate year in five State high schools answered a questionnaire that contained a variety of items including some designed to measure employment importance and helplessness‐pessimism about employment prospects. A factor analysis supported the assumption that the items were located on these two dimensions. A path analysis showed that higher social class predicted more internal attribution for unemployment, higher school grades, and an employed rather than an unemployed father or guardian. Higher internal attribution for unemployment predicted more school guidance about employment prospects and higher school grades predicted staying at school longer. Less guidance about employment obtained at school, less internal attribution for unemployment, and lower school grades predicted helplessness‐pessimism about employment prospects. Results were related to those from previous studies and implications of the findings for' future research into unemployment were discus

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256415

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

On the basis of a probability sample (N= 318) from the Quality of Life Studies in North Queensland an effort is made to sort out the conflicting assertions concerning the impact of religion on gambling in Australia. By controlling for gender and socioeconomic status and by differentiating between three dimensions of religiosity, it is found that religiosity is an important construct in understanding both the frequency of gambling and the amount of money spent on it.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256416

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The acquisition of practical life‐skills is a domain of child competence that has received little research attention. Information on children's knowledge and performance of 20 life‐skills was obtained from children aged either 8–9 or 15–16 and from one parent. Parents and children generally agreed on children's abilities at significant levels. Among younger children, life‐skills competence was significantly associated with a measure of parental attention, parental loss, and maternal employment. Among adolescents, life‐skills competence was significantly associated with maternal employment, family size, the frequency of family activities, and parental education. Life‐skills competence was generally not associated with measures of academ

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256417

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Research in the assessment and training of social skills has been hampered by the absence of adequate measurement and assessment instruments. The present study investigated a number of assessment issues in the area of social skill. These issues concerned the utility of roleplay and the predictive power of nonverbal, paraverbal and verbal behaviours in social skill.Forty‐three subjects were videotaped in two roleplays and a waiting interaction with a confederate of the opposite sex. Nine untrained judges provided criterion ratings of global social skill, while raters scored the taped performances on a variety of nonverbal, paraverbal and verbal measures. The results indicated that behaviour in roleplay and waiting interaction differed for unskilled subjects, but not for skilled subjects. A series of regression analyses revealed that the amount and timing of speech had the greatest influence on skill judgements. In general, predictive behaviours were able to account for considerably more of the variance in unskilled subjects than in skilled subjects. These findings suggested that nonverbal and paraverbal behaviours are significant at the lower end of the social skill spectrum, but that other factors, probably verbal, influence judgements of high skill. The implications of these results for social skill assessment and training and for further research in the area are discusse

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256418

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Previous work has shown that noncontingent reward, presented concurrently with contingent reward, has a detrimental effect on learning response‐reward contingencies and the motivation to respond. The present experiment sought to offer an explanation for those results. Introductory psychology students earned points on a counter (reward) by striking the correct one of 10 keys on a variable ratio schedule. In addition to this contingent reward, three other groups received noncontingent reward under one of three conditions: (a) free reward, which was independent of any aspect of the subject's behaviour, (b) free reward, which was signalled, and (c) reward which was response‐dependent but irrelevant to the contingency detection problem. The results showed that the problem‐irrelevant property of noncontingent reward disrupts learning. Two possible explanations for noncontingent reward decreasing the tendency to respond are prof

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256419

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Analysis of Variance.G. R. Iverson and H. Norpoth. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1976.Tests of Significance.R. E. Henkel. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1976.Causal Modeling(2nd ed.). H. B. Ascher. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1978.Canonical Analysis and Factor Comparison.M. S. Levine. Beverley Hills. Sage. 1977.Analysis of Nominal Data(2nd ed.). H. T. Reynolds. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1978.Multidimensional Scaling.J. B. Kruskal and M. Wish. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1978.Analysis of Covariance.A. R. Wildt and O. T. Ahtola. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1978.Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues.Kim Jae‐On and C. W. Muller. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1978.Exploratory Data Analysis.Frederick Hartwig and Brian E. Dearing. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1979.Reliability and Validity Assessment.E. G. Carmines and R. A. Zeller. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1979.Discriminant Analysis.W. R. Klecka. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1980.Log‐linear Models.David Knoke and Peter J. Burke. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1981.Interrupted Time Series Analysis.D. McDowall, R. McCleary, G. E. Meidinger and R. A. Hay Jr. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1978.Applied Regression: An Introduction.Michael S. Lewis‐Beck. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1980.Research Designs.P. E. Spector. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1981.Unidimensional Scaling.John P. McIver and Edward G. Carmines. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1981.Multiattribute Evaluation.W. Edwards and J. R. Newman. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1982.Dynamic Modeling: An Introduction.R. Robert Huckfeldt, G. W. Kohfeld and Thomas W. Likens. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1982.Network Analysis.D. Knoke and J. H. Kuklinski. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1982.Interpreting and Using Regression.Christopher H. Achen. Beverly Hills and London. Sage. 1982.Test Item Bias.S. J. Osterlind. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1983.Mobility Tables.M. Hout. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1983.Confirmatory Factor Analysis.J. S. Long. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1983.Covariance Structure Models.J. Scott Long. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1983.Introduction to Survey Sampling.G. Kalton. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1983.Nonrecursive Causal Models.W. D. Berry. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1983.Introduction to Applied Demographv: Data Sources and Estimation Techniques.Norfleet W. Rives Jr. and William J. Serow. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1984.Game Theory: Concepts and Applications.F. C. Zagare. Beverly Hills. Sage. 1984.Microcomputer Methods for Social Scientists.P. A. Schrodt. London. Sage.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256420

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538608256421

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1986

数据来源: WILEY