摘要:

Four groups of rats were given brief, unsignalled, inescapable shocks in a shuttlebox at a rate of 1/20 sec [shock‐shock (S‐S) interval = 20 sec]. The four groups were exposed to limited avoidance intervals of either 18, 15, 10 or 5 sec, terminating contiguously with the S‐S interval. A response during this interval could postpone shock for 20 sec (R‐S interval = 20 sec). Responses prior to the avoidance interval had no programmed consequences, but additional responses during the R‐S interval could postpone shock for a further 20 sec from that response, thus enabling shock to be postponed indefinitely. Acquisition was rapid for groups with avoidance intervals of 18, 15 and 10 sec but somewhat slower for subjects with an avoidance interval of 5 sec. There was evidence of temporal patterns of responding for all groups which could readily be interpreted in terms of Anger's (1963) CA

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255286

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A large group (N = 165) of women, each with a child under the age of 12 months, was surveyed to gain an estimate of the incidence of postpartum loss of sexual desire, and postpartum loss of sexual enjoyment. Factors which correlated with these phenomena were also investigated. It was found that 16% of the sample reported a definite loss of desire, and 7% a definite loss of enjoyment. These problems were found to be separate, though significantly related. Loss of desire correlated with feelings of lack of well‐being (such as irritability, tension and no energy) as well as some difficulties in the sexual relationship. In contrast, loss of enjoyment correlated with relationship variables (such as the husband not helping with the baby, and the manner in which the couple coped with disagreements) as well as with what was done, and how the woman felt during intercourse. The importance of psychological factors was further demonstrated by the fact that one of the four adoptive mothers reported similar post‐adoption probl

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255287

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A 27‐item Concern Over Negative Consequences of Success Scale (CONCOSS) was developed to investigate the motive to avoid success. The concern over negative consequences of success (CONCOS) construct investigated in the present study in a response to Sadd, Lenauer, Shaver, and Dunivant's (1978) recommendation that Horner's (1968) Fear of Success (FOS) construct should be replaced by a more general definition of FOS. Results indicated that CONCOS was negatively related to achievement motivation, initial expectation of success and quality of performance on an anagram test. These results supported the predictive validity of the CONCOSS with regard to its use in future resear

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255288

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A questionnaire focussing on images of the six capital cities of Australia was administered to University students in each city. Using the modal responses on twenty bipolar dimensions as an indication of stereotyping, sufficient consensus was obtained to suggest that stereotyped views of the cities were held by respondents. It was demonstrated that travel behaviour of the students was the best predictor of city stereotyping. Multidimensional scaling analysis (Prefmap) was used to present of the content of the stereotypes.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255289

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Feather (1980) claims that the low correlation between the positive and negative halves of the C‐scale reported in an earlier paper may have been due to the homogeneity of the samples used. It is pointed out that (a) even highly skewed C‐scale items do still, on at least some occasions, correlate well with other items: (b) low pos‐neg correlations are sometimes in the C‐scal associated with generally high levels of inter‐item correlatin; (c) the C‐scal does not collapse when applied to other homogeneous samples: and (d) the demographic homogeneity of the Ray and Pratt (1979) “homogeneours” samples was not associated with response homogeneity. It is concluded that Feather's suggested explanatinon for the occasioanal poor functioning of the C‐scale is contra‐indicated by

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255290

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A brief review of the Contingency Model of leadership (Fiedler, 1978) indicates that a weakness in the theory is the nature of its definition of situational favourability for leaders. An alternative approach to defining favourability is offered by O'Brien's(1969) derivation of a mathermatically based index of leader's potential influence. A small group, laboratory study is reported in which leaders whose LPC (Least Preferred Co‐Worker) score varied in situations that provided them with different levels of potential influence. It was found that in the moderate Influence condition LPC was positively correlated with performance (r=·43) while in the high influence condition it was negatively correlated (r=‐·28). When combined with findings from previous studies which have used this index, this result provides substantial support for the hypothesized curvilinear relationship between LPC and productivity. The results also support the view that potential influence is an index of situational favourableness. Some limitations on the use of the potential influence index are then discussed, as well as the need to differentiate between support for the Contingency Model and support for application of Contingency Model principles to leader tra

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255291

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three experiments are reported which concern the effects on the barpressing of fluid‐deprived rats of making the flavour of the fluid reinforcer conditionally aversive. In the first experiments, it was found that reinforced barpressing for a conditioned aversive flavour was less than that for a palatable flavour, but greater than nonreinforced barpressing. In the second experiment, it was found that conditioned aversive flavours supported less barpressing, and were consumed less, if they were presented in large quantities. In the third experiment, it was found that rats preferred to work for an unpaltable flavour delivered in small quantities than to drink it from a freely available spout. The quality‐quantity interaction is interpreted as evidence of a stimulus intensity dynamism eff

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255292

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Volunteer university undergraduates were selected on the basis of their performances on a batery of cognitive tests and were divided into those performing relatively better on spatial‐figural than verbal tests, and vice versa. These subjects were then presented with both comparative and negative equative three‐term series problems either aurally or in written form, and either with or without time delays between premises and question. Linguistic based solution strategies were evidenced only in the non‐delayed written condition; imagery based strategies being evidenced in the other three conditions. Subject ability type did not predict selection of strategy, but only relative facility with a strategy. It was concluded that conditions of presentation are functionally more important determinants of solution strategy than is the subject's processing adep

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255293

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Jorm (1979a) summarized data demonstrating short‐term memory(STM) impairment in reading‐disabled children, and argued for STM deficit as the cause of developmental dyslexia. In this review it is suggested that evidence for impoverished conceptualization of surface features of language (weak “linguistic access”) among poor readers needs to be accounted for in any overall theory for dyslexia. The possibility that STM deficit is responsible for poor performance in measures of linguistic access is considered and found not to account for all of the data, for example, the finding that training in manipulation of phonemic structure can speed reading acquisition. It is argued that failure on the part of some children to recruit linguistic processes for purposes outside their adaptive specialization may account for both STM impairment and reading difficulties. The need for theory and experiment‐based advances in clarifying the concept of linguistic access

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255294

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Lovegrove, Heddle, and Slaghuis (1980) have reported that disabled readers have significantly different temporal separation thresholds than normal for successive presentations of a sinewave grating. In the present study separation thresholds were obtained at high and low spatial frequencies, at two levels of contrast and two stimulus durations from 10 dyslexic boys, 10 ageand IQ‐matched controls and 10 adults. Analysis of variance indicated significant spatial frequency, contrast and stimulus duration effects, but no significant group or group interaction effect

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538108255295

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1981

数据来源: WILEY