摘要:

It has been known for a considerable time that when dealing with complex intellectual tasks, the Limited processing capacity of working memory is critical. Nevertheless, many commonly used instructional techniques ignore this factor and consequently impose an excessive cognitive load that interferes with the major learning mechanisms of schema acquisition and automation. For example, when solving unfamiliar problems, strategies are frequently employed that are effective in arriving at a solution but because of the cognitive load imposed, are ineffective with respect to learning. Empirical evidence suggests that if learning is the goal, solving large numbers of conventional problems may not be appropriate. Instead, goal‐free problems and worked examples can reduce extraneous cognitive load and facilitate schema acquisition and automation. Similarly, when presenting new material, information structures that require learners to unnecessarily split their attention between multiple sources of information or assimilate redundant material can impose an excessive cognitive load that interferes with learning. Finally, while considerable empirical evidence about these effects is available, it is suggested that they will occur only when material is used which imposes a heavy cognitive load because of its intrinsic structure. Where the intrinsic structure of information imposes a relatively light cognitive load, the cognitive load imposed by instructional design may not be critica

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259112

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A total of 397 subjects participated in five experiments that investigated the effect of pictures on cued recall of words representing brand labels. Three experiments replicated previous reports that recall of brand names was improved when they were accompanied by separate or by interactive pictures. However, when the drawings corresponding to the brand and product names were more clearly separated, recall was poorer than with interactive pictures, and fell to the level with names alone. In the last two experiments, the advantage of interactive pictures was also found with lower imagery nouns, and with both intentional and incidental learning instructions. It was concluded that print advertisers should utilise interactive pictures whenever possible.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259113

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigated whether Anglo‐Australian subjects differentiated the Vietnamese from a broader Asian group on the basis of ethnocentrism, suburb of residency, gender, and orientation to “group fictions” about the Vietnamese. Eighty‐four third‐generation Anglo‐Australians from suburbs with either large numbers of Vietnamese residents, or with relatively few, completed a set of semantic differential scales for Asians, Anglo‐Australians and Vietnamese, and a questionnaire of “group fictions” based on published statements and possible stereotypic concepts about the Vietnamese. Results indicated that, regardless of where subjects lived, they did differentiate the Vietnamese from the more general Asian group. Subjects from a suburb with high potential for daily contact regarded the Vietnamese most favourably. Females rated both the Vietnamese and Asians more highly than did males.In a second part of the study, a path analysis showed that subjects' orientation to group fictions about the threat posed by Vietnamese predicted to both status and solidarity, whereas group fictions about family cohesion and the extent to which Vietnamese could be seen as deserving battlers, did not. With the exception of gender to status, the predictions from ethnocentrism, residency, and gender were best mediated through th

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259114

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Measures of sex‐typing suitable for use with 8to 14‐year‐olds are proposed. They involve interests, toys, sports, household jobs, friends, similarity to peers and personality. The measures fit conceptually into Huston's (1983) framework within the categories “Behavioural enactment or adoption” and “Identity or self‐perception”. The sample comprised first and second born children from 191 families (first borns 98 males, 93 females; second borns 95 males, 96 females). They were selected using a stratified random sampling procedure involving area risk scores. The children in 161 families were assessed on a second occasion, on average 16 months after the first testing. The measures were shown to have suitable psychometric properties: sex differences in the expected directions, moderate coefficient alpha values, consistency over time in terms of moderate correlations, and few changes in means. Intercorrelations among the measures revealed little coherence either within each of the two Huston categories or among the measures in general. These results support a multidimensional view of sex‐typing and draw attention to limitations of studies which use single measures

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259115

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Using a prospective design, this study sought first to investigate the role of attributional style in the development of depressive affect following a negative life event, and then to extend the inquiry by investigating whether depressive attributions produced poorer subsequent performance. At the beginning of the academic year, university students taking a course in behavioural statistics completed the Academic Attributional Style Questionnaire. Five months later they were asked their particular causal attributions for their grades on an examination and completed measures of self‐esteem and depressive affect Some time after the initial examination, some students took a reexamination. Depressive affect following receipt of the examination grade was determined by a stable and global attributional style and by the interaction of attributional, style with a satisfactory grade, thereby supporting the hopelessness model of depression. However, this relationship was not mediated by actual attribution. Furthermore, there was no relation between depressive attributions and performance on the reexaminatio

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259116

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Experiment 1 describes a series of slides developed to depict various facial expressions of emotion. Pictures were taken of models (bead and shoulders only) directly facing the camera, as well as rotated 30 degrees to the left, exhibiting no expression (neutral), anger, disgust, happiness, fear, sadness, and surprise. Groups of 90 to 100 first‐year university students rated the slides by selecting the emotion expressed. its intensity and their certainty in their answer. Slides from five male and five female adults (ages 18 to 40), and three male and three female children (ages 9 to 12) are reported where more than 50% of the raters agreed on the intended emotion, or 35% agreed for the neutral expression. A detailed summary of the normative results of those slides is provided. Experiment 2 attempted to directly compare the present slides to thePictures of facial affect(Ekman&Friesen, 1976) by rating those slides using the same rating technique as in Experiment 1. The results demonstrated that generally, the Australian norms were similar to those of the original set; however, 20 of their 110 slides had less than 70% rater agreement. The results from these studies allow the reader to compare the judgments of the emotions depicted in each slide in both the slide series. It is hoped that the new series of slides will be useful for other researchers examining phenomena related to facial affec

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259117

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies evaluated the ability of significant others to accurately infer multiple dimensions of self‐concept of university students in Australia (n= 151) and Canada (n= 941) and the construct validity of response to the Self Description Questionnaire III (SDQIII). Four factor analyses‐self‐and other‐responses by Australians and Canadians ‐ all clearly identified the 13 factors that the SDQIII is designed to measure. Mean ratings were similar in the two studies, although self‐ratings tended to be lower than other‐ratings (i.e., a self‐modesty effect). There was substantial self‐other agreement on each of the 13 SDQIII factors, that was similar for Australians and Canadians (mean rs of 568 and 560), and much higher than reported in previous research. Multitrait‐multimethod analyses demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity of the SDQIII responses in both studies. Across all analyses, Australian and Canadian results were remarkably similar. Critical features leading to the consistently high self‐other agreement were the use of older students, multiple dimensions of self‐concept based on instruments with strong psychometric properties, and significant others who know the subject very well. Particularly the factor analyses and the multitrait‐multimethod analyses provide strong support for the construct validity of interpreta

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259118

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Functional Communication. Analysing the Non‐Linguistic Skills of Individuals with Severe Profound Handicaps: Les Sternberg (Ed.) (1991).Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: C. Snyder and D.R. Forsyth (1991).Handbook of Child and Adult Psychology: A Longitudinal Perspective: Herson, M.,&Last, C.G. (Eds.) Pergamon 1990.Intervention Research in Learning Disabilities: Scruggs, T.E.,&Wong, B.Y.L.Introduction to Research Methods in Education: Burns, R.B. (1990).Learning to Learn. A Study of Swedish Preschool Children: Ingrid Pramling.Psychopathology and the Brain: Bernard J. Carroll&James E. Barrett (Eds.1.The Dreaming Brain: J Allan Hobso

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259119

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539308259111

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY