摘要:

Abstract393 second year high school students were tested on three occasions with the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices (1947 Revision). The hypothesis of joint equality of observed score means, variances, and covariances was rejected. The classical true‐error model for test scores originating from Udny Yule appeared inappropriate for the data reported. Observed means showed cumulative trend over occasions, suggesting that inter‐occasions correlations may not be properly interpreted as estimates of reliability defined as the ratio of true to observed variance. A comparison of Alexander's intra‐class coefficient, which treats systematic change in performance as due to systematic error, and Hoffman's variance ratio coefficients, which treat systematic change in performance as true change, showed no substantial differences despite the diametrically opposed theoretical postures. It was concluded that the conditions of the classical test score model were not met in repeated testing with the Raven's Progressive Matrices. Some re‐appraisal of the reliability of this test may be necessary, and Gulliksen's suggestion that the model should be routinely tested for applicability could perhaps be extended to othe

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254629

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractBalancing of one‐way worded scales such as the D scale has been sought by several authors. So far only the Ray (1970) BD scale has appeared successful. It is here examined whether the 1970 success can be replicated and also whether a new scale can be produced which will be suitable for use with community samples—not only with students. The suitability of the 1970 “Mark I” version of the BD scale for use with students was confirmed and a new “Mark II” BD scale was produced which was suitable for general use. An attempt to construct an eclectic scale using the best items of Mark I and Mark II was not

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254630

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe nature of role performance and the initiation of such performance in task and emotional activities of marriage was investigated in 120 married couples. Responses to a marital roles questionnaire indicated that task behaviours were not solely a male prerogative as suggested by Bales and Parsons but were subject to either male or female specialisation or no specialisation at all dependent upon the demands of the specific task. Emotional activity, as suggested by Levinger was characterised by mutuality, not female specialisation as in the Bales‐Parsons' view. Initiation of emotional performance was shown to also be a matter of mutuality and not wife specialisation as implied by Levinger. Initiation of task activities did not generally reflect the specialisation evident in performance of such activitie

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254631

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe reported experiment was designed to study the effects of reinforcement variability on sensory‐contingent bar pressing (SCBP) in rats. Sound and/or light change was the reinforcer and variability was obtained by varying the sensory change from one response to another. Five different kinds of variability were studied (e.g. random versus regular variations in the reinforcer) and these were compared with three treatments involving no variability and an operant control treatment. No systematic or consistent relationship between SCBP and reinforcement variability was found. The fact that sound change took several trials before it became significantly reinforcing may have confounded a possible effect for variability. Finally, light and sound change combined as a contemporaneous change was not significantly more reinforcing than either light or sound change alon

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254632

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractRelationships between two measures of approach response and performance in the dominance tube were examined for two levels of pre‐competition habituation. Performance in the dominance tube was found to be a function of the individual tendency to approach, if a short pre‐competition habituation period was adopted. Although this relationship was less evident for a longer habituation period, further work is required before the dominance tube can be regarded as a valid measure of social dominance in r

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254633

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractSpectators were interviewed immediately following two football games to examine mechanisms of rationalization used by fans when their team loses. After both games fans of the losing team, in comparison with supporters of the winning team and nonpartisan spectators, were more likely to judge that their team received fewer “free kicks” (i.e. beneficial penalties) than their opponents, to believe that the outcome was attributable to external factors (luck or poor umpiring), and to “see” dirty play, initiated in particular by the opposing team. There was also a tendency, significant for one game, slight for the other, for losing fans to give lower ratings of the umpire and to give lower ratings of the standard of the game than fans of the winner. Differences between losers' reactions at the two games were related to the narrow margin of defeat at one, the wide margin at the other. The findings were discussed in terms of the reference group function that accompanies allegiance to a sporting team as well as mechanisms used to protect group reputation and, by extension, individual feelings of esteem when they are subjected to

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254634

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractFour main experiments and one subsidiary experiment were designed to establish whether linear or angular displacement of the oblique line contributes to the Poggendorff misalignment illusion. Exp. 1 and 2 and a subsidiary experiment showed that apparent extent in the obtuse angle with the real or hypothetical median line is greater than in the acute, suggesting that the point of intersection of the oblique might undergo apparent shift towards the acute angle and the complete line apparent rotation. However, the data from Exp. 3 and 4, in which the illusion with collinear and orthogonally disposed obliques was established, indicated that such perceptual shifts are unlikely. The results were interpreted as showing that while apparent extent in the obtuse angle is greater than that in the acute the point of intersection of the oblique line and the line itself are perceptually stable.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254635

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractPerformance on a dichotic split‐span task was found to be dependent, not only on the type of list and the method of recall, but also on theS's awareness of the list organization. On lists that had no alternation of stimulus classes between ears, neither recall by ear nor recall by temporal order was affected by the 5's awareness of list organization. However, on lists in which each dichotic item pair was of a different stimulus class,Ss in the awareness condition were more efficient using temporal recall, and less efficient using recall by ear, thanSs in the non‐awareness condition. The search hypothesis is discussed in the light of these resu

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254636

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractLanguage and Thinking in Human Development. D. G. Boyle. London.Hutchinson. 1971. 169. $6.75 cloth, $2.95 paper.Cross‐Cultural Research Methods. Richard W. Brislin, Walter J. Lonner, and Robert M. Thorndike. Ncw York. Wiley. 1973. $16.95.Kangaroos. H. J. Frith and J. H. Calaby. Melbourne. F. W. Cheshire. 1969.xiii + 209. $12.00.The Masks of Hate.David Holbrook. Oxford and New York. Pergamon Press. 1972. viii + 4‐ 275. $11.25.Ethnocentrism: Theories of Conflict, Ethnic Attitudes and Group Behavior. R. A. LeVine and D. T. Campbell. New York. Wiley. 1972. vii + 310.$10.95.The Working Brain. A. R. Luna. Ringwood. Penguin. 1973. 398. $3.75.Research Methods in Psychopathology. Theodore Millon and Herman Diesenhaus. New York. Wiley. 1972. xv + 191. $7.30 cloth, $4.15 paper.Human Development: An Introduction to the Psychodynamics of Growth, Maturity and Age. E. Rayner. London. George Allen&Unwin. 1971. 267.$13.10 cloth, $7.76 paper.Toward the Integration of Psychotherapy. John M. Reisman. New York. Wiley‐Interscience. 1971. xi + 155. $10.00.Six Approaches to the Person. Ralph Ruddock (Ed.). London. Routledge and Kegan Paul. xii + 212. £3.50 stg. cloth, £1.75 stg. paperThe Psychology of Work. D. Scott. London. Duckworth. 1970 (Paperback edn. 1972). × + 256. $5.00.Treatment or Torture: The Philosophy, Techniques and Future of Psychodynamics.G. Seaborn Jones. London. Tavistock Publications. 1972. xxi + 324. $3.75 paper.Intelligence and Cultural Environment. Philip E. Vernon. London. Methuen.1969. viii + 264. $9.60 cloth, $3.75 paper.Advances in Educational Psychology. W. D. Wall and V. P. Varma (Eds.).London, University of London Press. 1972. viii + 189. $9.80.Experimental Abnormal Psychology. B. V, Zeigarnik. New York. Plenum Press. 1972. vi + 158.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537408254637

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1974

数据来源: WILEY