摘要:

Reduction of the psychology of visual perception to the neurophysiology of vision is not possible in the sense of inferring the properties of perception from the properties of neurophysiology: one cannot deduce what a monkey sees from knowledge of which cells are firing and how they are firing. Nevertheless, with the aid of linking hypotheses it is possible to demonstrate surprising and compelling relationships between neural events and behavioural responses. For example, orientation‐ and direction‐selective cells in the first cortical visual area (VI), first studied systematically by Hubel and Wiesel, respond separately to the components of a complex pattern; but some cells in a higher area (V5 or MT) respond to the pattern and not to the individual components. Human observers cannot see the components either, which suggests that the “percept” arises beyond VI and possibly in MT, although a feedback loop cannot be ruled out In recent years, experiments have been reported in which an animal performs a behavioural task while the experimenter simultaneously records from and/or stimulates single cortical cells. These experiments strongly implicate certain extrastriate areas of visual cortex in the process of perception. The experiments also suggest likely outcomes of psychophysical experiments with human observers and some of these experiments are de

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259462

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Cognitive therapies have shifted clinical explanation away from motivational formulations of disorder which employ both belief (cognitive) and desire (conative) concepts towards a purely cognitive and motivationless one. However, cognitivist explanation, when taken with the constructivist metatheory which usually accompanies it, (a) is incomplete without a conative principle—and attempts to use a self‐concept fail to redress this incompleteness, and lead only to explanatory regress; (b) leaves beliefs ontologically uncertain and confused; and (c) assumes, but does not explain, rationality. In contrast Freud's metapsychology—regardless of its theoretical problems—provides a metatheory untroubled by these cri

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259463

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Samples of 61 intellectually gifted and 122 non‐gifted high school students in the age range of 12‐15 years were compared on four aspects of decision‐making ability: metacognitive knowledge about decision making; use of efficient decision search strategies; probability “tuning”; and self‐reported decision‐making style and self‐esteem. The study drew on Sternberg's (1985) “triarchic” theory of intelligence for an analysis of the decision‐making abilities of the gifted students. It was found that intellectually gifted adolescents had superior metacognitive knowledge; were faster in making decisions; made greater use of efficient search strategies; were better at “tuning” information about probabilities; and reported a more competent decision style than non‐gifted adolescents. The findings were interpreted as evidence of both quantitative and qualitative differences in die decision‐making abilities of gifted and non‐gifted adolescents. Similarities between the abilities of intellectually gifted adolescents and decision‐making experts are noted. Further research, using Sternberg's model as a basis for selectio

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259464

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study investigates the conceptual issues, theoretical rationale, construct validity, psychometric properties, and empirical analysis of the Self‐Perception Profile for Adolescents (Harter, 1986). The scale was administered to 283 students (average age 13.1 years, 49% female) from 12 Year 7 classes in three non‐selective systemic high schools. The scale assesses competence in 8 self‐concept domains: scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, romantic appeal, conduct/morality, close friendships, job competence and, in addition, global self‐worth. Separate items relating to mathematics and English abilities were added. The internal consistencies were generally high. Results from factor analysis provided strong support for the aprioridimensions, the multidimensional conceptualisation of the self‐concept, thereby confirming Harter's (198

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259465

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined the effects of different types of activity upon the affective states, personal control, and work values of unemployed youth. Activities were identified as high or low quality depending on the degree to which they required skill‐utilisation, autonomy, interaction, variety, and pressure. The study also examined the relative adjustment of youth in employment with those in either high quality or low quality unemployment. Initially, students were surveyed at school and then resurveyed when they were either unemployed, employed, or continuing their education. Results showed that the quality of activity had no effect upon the level of adjustment of unemployed young people. Both groups of unemployed youth (high and low quality activities) had high depressive affect, lower life satisfaction, lesser commitment to die Protestant work ethic, and lower levels of perceived competence than youth in employmen

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259466

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study examined relations between a measure of identification with Australia and scores on 10 value types for a sample of 213 male and female university students who identified themselves as Australians. The 10 value types involved sets of values from die Schwartz Value Survey. Results of correlational and regression analyses showed that identification with Australia was positively related to the importance of values classified into the hedonism, security, and achievement value types. Relations were also examined between identification and more abstract value dimensions. It was proposed that the values linked positively (or negatively) with national identification are likely to be those that are seen to be either fulfilled (or obstructed) by the culture.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259467

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

An empirical investigation of Coombs' unfolding theory was conducted in which basic assumptions of the theory were tested. The primary concern was to investigate the effects upon individuals' preference judgements when the presented set of scaled stimuli was changed. Two types of judgemental tasks were used to assess these possible contextual effects: rank order and paired comparisons, and two different sets of scaled stimuli were presented. A reliability measure was also taken as apparent context effects could merely be due to lack of reliability. The obtained data supported the basic assumptions of Coombs' theory, and subjects' responses were highly reliable, thus little confounding should have occurred. The change of context effects, however, were contrary to the prediction of Coombs' theory. Strong evidence for these context effects was found for both sets of stimuli and both kinds of tasks implemented. Implications of these findings are discussed and doubts are raised concerning the usefulness of the unfolding theory in the context of attitude scaling.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259468

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A study involving 333 adolescents aged from 13 to 17 was carried out to investigate whether or not self‐esteem mediates the relationship between sex and gender role attitudes, and to investigate several factors which might be related to self‐esteem and to attitudes toward gender roles. Gender‐role self‐attributions and socio‐demographic factors were considered. Young female adolescents with low levels of positive feminine attributes and high levels of negative feminine attributes were most likely to have low self‐esteem; young male adolescents with low levels of feminine characteristics were most likely to hold stereotyped attitudes to gender roles. Self‐esteem was not found to be a moderator of gender role attitudes, and gender roles made a considerable contribution to the variance in self‐esteem. The results are discussed with regard to the contribution of negative gender characteristics to well‐being, and the lack of discrimination between females and males shown by these negative scales. It is suggested that negative “feminine” characteristics are equally undesirable for girls and boys, and that it is no longer appropriate to giv

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259469

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Comfort in interacting with people with intellectual disabilities is an important quality for effective professionals. A measure of this variable, the Interaction with Disabled Persons (IDP) Scale (Gething, 1991) was completed by 468 tertiary students, 135 of whom were 1st‐, 2nd‐, or 3rd‐year students of the Bachelor of Applied Science (Intellectual Disability). Items from the scale were presented intact, as well as being dispersed within a broader attitude questionnaire. Retest data were collected (n= 81), and a sub‐sample (n= 29) responded to the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne&Marlowe, 1960). The IDP Scale discriminated between student groups, and this effect was robust when age, gender, and contact with people with intellectual disabilities were treated as covariates. Score distributions were adequate, and there was no evidence of the influence of social desirability. Reliability was optimised by excluding some items and introducing others. The modified measure was relatively cohesive, stable, and balanced in terms of positively and negatively worded items. Factor analysis identified a six‐facto

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259470

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Mazurski and Bond (1993) reported on the development of a new series of slides of facial expressions of emotion that improved on Ekman and Friesen's (1976) Pictures of Facial Affect. They apparently did not know about another new set which has been available since 1988 that improves on Ekman and Friesen's photograph set, and has many advantages over Mazurski and Bond's set. We describe that set in this article.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049539408259471

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY