摘要:

This paper reports findings from experiments which tested predictions from the theory that psychometric intelligence is largely determined by a limited capacity, or attentional, mechanism. Limited capacity effects were induced by load manipulations involving an increasing number of working memory placekeepers, post cueing. and competing task conditions. Some support for the theory was found using single tests but was not found for competing tasks, which should have produced greater attentional demand. These findings were replicated in a second study.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260065

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Three studies investigated 6–13 year old children's comprehension of expressive states shown on television. A longitudinal component linked the first and third studies. Children identified eight emotional states depicted in a television cartoon, and their discriminations were related to age, verbal ability, and sex. The youngest children had a poor understanding of the expressive states, but understanding improved through to 9 years. Verbal ability was positively related to ability to identify expressions in 6–8 year olds. Girls of 8–13 years performed better than boys of the same age. The longitudinal results showed that in children of 6–10 years, accuracy in labelling expressive states was stable over a period of two years. While younger children could not accurately identify specific expressions, they rarely confused a positive emotion with a negative one. The poor comprehension of television often found in young children may be at least partly explained by their inability to identify discrete elements of programmes, such as characters' expression, co

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260066

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Clynes' (1977) “sentic” theory was investigated in four experiments. Three tested the prediction that six brief, specific sounds isolated by Clynes and others would reliably be identified in terms of commonly shared associated emotions and feelings. Experiment I followed fixed‐choice procedures outlined by Clynes and Nettheim (1982) and found some support for the prediciton with three of the sounds; but in the next two studies the effect was eventually limited to one sound as wider choice was permitted. This result was interpreted as consistent with a strong association between that sound and the predicted choice, as part of common knowledge, but as not requiring an actual emotional experience. The fourth experiment tested the prediction that these sounds and associated emotional terms would evoke common motor reactions, expressed as pressure patterns. Results established that different within‐subject responses to different stimuli tended to be consistent but idiosyncratic, providing no evidence for common responses between subjects. Thus, the central theoretical proposition, that humans can communicate precise emotional intentions by sound and touch. was not

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260067

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Increased social self‐esteem (SSE) was explored as an explanation of the persuasive effectiveness of nationalistic advertisements for nationalistic subjects. Psychology I students. volunteering on the basis of feeling either “Australian” or 'non‐Australian” (n= 56 for both; average age 20.1 years, 60 female, 52 male) were exposed to either three nationalistic or three non‐nationalistic advertisements. A newly developed SSE questionnaire was administered either prior to or following advertisement viewing. Nationalistic advertisements were persuasive for Australian subjects, but not with non‐Australian subjects. Although the SSE of Australian subjects exposed to nationalistic advertisements did not increase, these subjects did not suffer the decline in SSE shown by nationalistic subjects exposed to non‐nationalistic advertisements. Viewing nationalistic advertisements therefore “protected” the SSE of nationalistic subjects from a decline which occurs following advertisement exposure. Findings were related to Cohen's (1959) view concerning differential persuasibility of high and low self‐esteem subjects. and to the view of Lasch (1978) and others that advertising “fosters self‐denig

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260068

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study addresses the issue of individual differences in preference for the allocation principles of proportionality, equality, and need. Two hundred and one subjects in the U.S.A. and 182 subjects in Australia provided data indicating their allocation preferences. They also completed measures of the Protestant Ethic (PE) and of their political beliefs (using the Mirels and Garrett PE scale, and scales of liberalism, conservatism, and radicalism). Analyses of variance revealed sex differences in liberalism and in preference for quality, with women being more liberal and more favourable to equality than were men. The U.S. sample was more liberal, more radical. and more favourable to equality (on one of two measures) than was the Australian sample, which in turn was more conservative, scored higher on the PE scale, and favoured proportionality. Using multiple regression analyses, sex, nationality, the various political attitude scales, and the PE scale were wed to predict rule preferences. Of the attitude measures, liberalism and radicalism predicted preference for equality and need, but were unrelated to proportionality. Conservatism was negatively related to preference for equality (on one of two measures). Only PE scores predicted preference for proportionality. The regression results suggest that sex and nationality differences in allocation preferences may be produced by differences in political and social attitudes. The importance of these results. though, is limited by small squared multiple correlations.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260069

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Just prior to an election, 145 subjects rated a campaign speech which was attributed either to the incumbent premier or to the leader of the opposition, with different subjects serving in each condition. Subjects also rated the speaker. and indicated how they intended to vote. Evaluation of the speaker's credibility and the speech's persuasibility was found to be a function of the match or mismatch in political affiliation between the source and target of the message, providing support for a reference group account of persuasion in general and effective political campaigning in particular.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260070

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two experiments examined the acquisition and loss of “craving” or liking for a food (unsalted peanuts). In Experiment 1, subjects were allocated to three conditions. In each of these, they ingested a few peanuts on three separate occasions and were then asked to indicate the strength of their cravings for that food. The conditions differed in terms of the intervals of time (1, 3, or 9 min) which occurred between the eating bouts. The shortest of these intervals yielded a greater proportion of subjects who expressed strong craving than either of the other two intervals. In Experiment 2, subjects were asked to eat the nuts with the I‐min interval between each of the three eating bouts and were then allocated to three conditions. These differed in the intervals of time (1, 3, or 9 min) which occurred between the final eating bout and the time at which they were asked to indicate the level of their craving. The longest of these intervals produced a greater proportion of subjects who reported weak cravings than the other two intervals. Short intervals of time between mouthfuls of a food were therefore more likely to establish and maintain “cravings” for that food than longer ones. The results were discussed in terms of incentive and opponent‐process accounts of motivationa

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260071

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Informational Control theories predict that (a) a signal preceding a noxious, unavoidable stimulus will reduce the perceived intensity of that stimulus, and (b) it is the information provided by the signal that is responsible for this effect. In the present experiment, the first prediction was evaluated by presenting all subjects with a series of shocks under a signalled condition (light signal preceding shock onset), and two types of unsignalled conditions (light and shock simultaneous, and no light The second prediction was tested during the signalled trials by varying the information provided by the light signal: subjects were divided into four groups, and each group received high or low amounts of temporal and contingency signal information. Neither prediction was supported&the results: (a) a signal preceding the shock did not affect the perceived intensity; (b) subjects magnitude estimations of perceived shock intensity also yielded no significant effects of signal information. However, unsignalled shocks which occurred simultaneously with the light were rated significantly higher in intensity than either the signalled shocks or the unsignalled shocks which were not accompanied by a light. This suggests that simultaneous light signal + shock is an inappropriate control for testing hypothesis (a). We speculate on the reasons for this problem.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260072

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:The Construction of Reality. Michael A. Arbib and Mary B. Hesse. (1986). New York: Cambridge University Press. vii + 286. 584.00, cloth.Communication and Cognition in Normal Ageing and Dementia. Kathryn A. Bayles, Alfred W. Kaszniak. (1987). London: Tatler and Francis. 355.20 paper.The Fabric of Mind. R. Bergland. (1985). Ringwood: Penguin Books. 202. $8.95.School Phobia and its Treatment. Nigel Blagg. (1987). New York: Croom Helm. ix + 228. £25.00. cloth: £11.95. paper.Nocturnal Enuresis: Psychological Perspectives. Richard J. Butler. (1987) Bristol: IOP Publishing Ltd. xi + 178. $53.00.The Behavioral Management of the Cardiac Patient. Donald G. Byrne. (1987). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation. xi + 206. $35.00Anxiety in Childhood and Adolescence: Encouraging Self‐help Through Relaxation Training. Frank Carter and Peter Cheesman. (1988). London: Croom Helm. 129. £19.95, cloth: £8.95, paper.Brentano and Intrinsic Value. R. M. Chisholm. (1986). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xiii + 105. $22.00, paper.Winnicott and Paradox from Birth to Creation. Anne Clancier and Jeannine Kalmanovitch. (1984). London: Tavistock. xvii + 165. $69.95, cloth: 531.95, paper.Childhood Aggression and Violence: Sources of Influence, Prevention and Control. David H. Crowell, Ian M. Evans and Clifford R. O'Donnell (Eds.). New York: Plenum Press. xviii+299. $US39.50.Professional Psychology in Transition. Herbert Dorken&Associates. (1986). San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass. xiii + 410. $74.95, cloth.The Life Cycle Completed. E. H. Erikson. (1982). New York. W. W. Norton. 103. $US4.95.Language for Ben: A Deaf Child's Right to Sign. Lorraine Fletcher. (1987). London: Souvenir Press. 268. 69.95, cloth: $6.95, paper.Physiological Psychology: An Introduction. S. Green. (1987). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. xvi + 393. $69.95, cloth: $37.95, paper.Varieties of Realism. Margaret A. Hagen. (1986). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. xiv + 338. $46.00, paper.People with Mental Handicap: Perspectives on Intellectual Disability. J. Hattersley, G. P. Hosking, D. Morrow and M. Myers. (1987). London: Faber and Faber. ix + 246. S19.95.Living High: Daily Marijuana Use Among Adults. H. Hendin, A. P. Haas, P. Singer, M. Ellner and R. Ulman. (1987). New York: Human Sciences Press. 183. $US24.95.Family of Origin Therapy. Alan J. Hoveatsdt and Marshall Fine. (Volume Eds.). (1987). Aspen: Maryland. xii + 106. No price given.Family Therapy Collectionsis a quarterly publication in which topics of current and specific interest to family therapists are presented.Dramatherapy: Theory and Practice for Teachers and Clinicians. Sue Jennings (Ed.). (1987). London: Croom Helm. xviii + 279. 687.95, cloth: $41.95, paper.Night Vision: Current Research and Future Directions Symposium Proceedings. Chris Johnson and Herschel Leibowitz (Cochairmen). (1987). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. No price given.The Family Life of Psychotherapists: Clinical ImplicationsF. W. Kaslow (Ed.). (1987). New York: Haworth. 160 $US 18.95.Success and the Fear of Success in Women. David W. Krueger. (1984). New York: Macmillan. xv + 180. No price given.Personal Construct Theory. Alvin W. Landfield and Franz R. Epting. (1987). New York: Human Sciences Press. 327. No price given.Origins of Human Aggression: Dynamics and Etiology. Gerard G. Neuman (Ed.), (1987). New York: Human Sciences Press. 200. No price given.A Century of Psychology in Australia. W. M. O'Neill. (1987). Sydney: Sydney University Press. 148. $17.50.Coping With Disorders in the Family. Jim Orford (Ed.). (1987). London: Croom Helm. 300. $87.95, cloth; $39.95. paper.The Ontogeny of Information: Developmental Systems and Evolution. Susan Oyama. (1985). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ix + 206. $66.50, cloth; $24.50, paper.Discourse and Social Psychology: Beyond Attitudes and Behaviour. Jonathan Potter and Margaret Wetherell. (1987). London: Sage Publications. 216. £8.95, paper.The Inviting Relationship: An Expanded Perspective for Professional Counseling. William W. Purkey and John J. Schmidt. (1987)Englewood Cliffs: Prentice‐Hall. x + 180. $38.50, paper.Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Vol. 19. Hayne W. Reese (Ed.). (1985). Orlando, FL Academic Press. x + 260. $US39.50.Theories of Race and Ethnic Relations. John Rex and David Mason (Eds.). (1986). Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, xiii + 350. $98.00.The Psychophysics of Speech Perception. M. E. H. Scouten(Ed.). (1987). Martinus Nijhoff in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. x + 489. $US110.50.Carl lung and Soul Psychology. E. Mark Stern (Ed.). (1986). New York: The Haworth Press. 192. $US22.95.Psychotherapy and the Obsessed Patient. E. Mark Stern (Ed.). (1987). New York: The Haworth Press. xii + 158. No price given.Human Development and Learning. Robert D. Strom, Harold W. Bernard and Shirley K. Strom. (1987). New York Human Sciences Press. 315. $US29.95/A$60.00.Antarctic Psychology. A. J. W. Taylor. (1987). Wellington, NZ: Science Information Publishing Centre. xiv + 145. $NZ41.00, paper.An Outline of Psychology as Applied to Medicine(2nd Ed.). John Weinman. (1987). Bristol: Wright. 262. $28.00. paper.Human Growth and Development: A Psychological Approach. (2nd ed.). Frank Wesley and Edith Sullivan. (1986). New York: Human Sciences Press. 326. $US19.95, paper.Behaviour Modification for People with Mental Handicaps. (2nd ed.). William Yule and Janet Can (Eds.). (1987). London: Croom Helm. 356. $45

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260073

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538908260064

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY