摘要:

The behaviour directed at a stimulus (CS) that emerges during a classical conditioning procedure in which CS and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) pairings occur independently of a subject's behaviour is called autoshaping or sign‐tracking. Results of research on autoshaping are theoretically important because they suggest that classical and operant conditioning are not conceptually different processes or types of learning, but rather ought to be seen as procedures or ways of arranging learning situations. In this paper it is argued that there is only one type of learning, involving stimulus‐response (CS‐UCR) contiguity and reinforcement. The contiguity‐reinforcement hypothesis can account for the acquistion of autoshaped responding and the low levels of responding observed during omission training (in which no UCS is presented when the autoshaped response occurs) through a CS‐UCR contiguity alone. Once the initial autoshaped response occurs it is usually followed by the UCS which then acts as a reinforcer and serves to maintain r

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254712

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two hundred and forty children, selected according to their age, ethnicity and sex, participated in a study of the encoding and decoding of symbolic hand gestures. Twenty‐two gestures, chosen from a larger list of 101 gestures, were classified in a pre‐test as either Italian or Australian gestures and were presented to the children in ordinary or stroboscopic photographs. Both the encoding and decoding studies conformed to a 2 (Italian or Australian ethnic background) × 2 (male or female) × 2 (3‐year or 6‐year‐old) design. Age and ethnic background were shown to be major variables affecting gesture decoding. A significant interaction between age, ethnicity and sex was found for gesture encoding of Italian gestures. It was suggested that verbal fluency and the social roles of children in the Italo‐Australian sub‐culture might account for the superiority of the 6‐year‐old Italo‐Australian girls in encoding Italian gestures. The need to investigate the larger issue of the effects of acculturation on non‐ve

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254713

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Attributions of responsibility for outcomes in typical life dilemmas were studied, as a function of the actors' risky or cautious decisions, and success or failure outcomes. Subjects (N=133) read descriptions of eight modified life dilemmas based on Kogan and Wallach's (1964) questionnaire, each concluded by a paragraph describing the risky/cautious decision made by the actor and the success/failure outcome. Subjects provided judgements about (a) the responsibility of the actor; (b) the locus of causality in terms of Weiner's (1974) four categories (ability, effort, task difficulty, luck); (c) their perception of the actor; and (d) the situation confronting him. Results indicated that risky decisions led to significantly more responsibility being attributed to the actor. Judgements on all of Weiner's (1974) causal categories, except luck, were significantly affected by the actor's riskiness. Success or failure only affected attributions to effort. There was no significant interaction between these two factors, which is interpreted as supporting a rational, cognitive model of responsibility attributions. These results confirm the important role information about risk taking plays in everyday attributions of responsibility, and further work exploring the role of this cue in “naive” attributions of responsibility is propo

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254714

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

It is argued that the occurrence of outgroup discrimination always takes place in a social context where a certain type of intergroup power relation is present. The role of the power relation has seldom been examined. The present experiment (using 80 school boys between the age of 10 and 13) attempted to do this by comparing the extent of outgroup discrimination between a secure and an insecure power condition. It was hypothesized and found that discrimination was significantly greater in the former condition. A second prediction was also made that when the subjects in either the secure or the insecure power condition were provided with the means of appeasing the outgroups, this would have the effect of accentuating outgroup discrimination. The second prediction was contradicted.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254715

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In an investigation of the relationship between social support and health, 105 men aged 30–65 years reported on the numbers of their confiding relationships and their perceptions of the social environment. Half were fist myocardial infarction patients and half were healthy. The lack of differences in social support between the two groups, and some association between reciprocal confiding relationships reported in hospital and health 6–7 months later, suggests a mediating rather than direct effect of social support on health. Refinements to the information needed about social support appear necessary in order to predict coping adequacy in the face of crisis, and these are discus

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254716

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of providing home‐based training for parents of behaviourally disturbed children attending a behaviour modification workshop, on parent attending behaviour and deviant child behaviour. Experiment 1 compared the effects of an Instructions No Feedback condition with Instructions plus Feedback, using a multiple baseline design. Instructions No Feedback comprised verbal and written instructions, lecture presentations, and modelling of behavioural procedures, and Instructions plus Feedback comprised therapists visiting the homes to provide brief differential feedback on programme implementation. Instructions plus Feedback resulted in increased levels of attending to appropriate behaviour, decreased levels of attending to deviant behaviour, and reduced levels of deviant child behaviour, when compared to Baseline and Instructions No Feedback conditions.Experiment 2 examined the effects of a home‐based therapist feedback procedure with and without cueing. During Cueing plus Feedback a therapist provided parents with a visual cue to either ignore, praise, deliver time‐out or display physical affection. Feedback once again comprised brief differential verbal feedback following home observation sessions. Although the Cueing plus Feedback and Feedback Alone conditions increased parents' attention to appropriate behaviour, decreased attention to deviant behaviour and effectively modified deviant child behaviour when compared to Baseline, the two procedures did not differ clearly in their effects on either parent or child behaviour. Implications of the results for parent training research were disc

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254717

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In a series of four experiments, manual reaction times were measured when subjects judged whether or not laterally‐presented, single‐syllable four‐letter words were the same as a prespecified target. Nontargets differed systematically from targets by a single letter change at one of the four letter positions. Right visual field (RVF) superiorities were generally stronger with targets, with nontargets where letter changes occurred in the middle rather than the initial or final positions, and with upper or lower case typeface. A weak or nonsignificant RVF superiority occurred with cursive script (Experiment 2), which may have required a visuospatial preprocessing contribution from the right hemisphere, and where word shape (inclusion of ascending and descending letters) was changed between targets and nontargets (Experiment 4), which may also have invoked right hemisphere mechanisms. A change at an initial letter position was detected fastest, with either letter position 3 slowest, or all letter positions except the first equally slow. This suggests that processing can proceed largely in parallel for all except the first and possibly the last letter position. These findings were discussed in the context of lateral masking of internal by initial and final letters, of gradients of retinal acuity and of a possible periphery‐to‐fovea or ends‐first processing gradient. We found little evidence of a serial left‐to‐right processing scan, or of global whole‐word recognition based on outline word shape, or of a qualitative (as opposed to a quantitative) difference between the hemispheres in word recog

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254718

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Earlier studies have provided weak support for a congruency theory of job satisfaction which predicts that congruency or match between work values and perceived job attributes is a significant predictor of job satisfaction. One possible explanation of weak congruency effects is that previous studies failed to identify employees with large discrepancies between work values (desired job attributes) and perceived job attributes. A sample of 396 retail and hospital pharmacists was chosen to provide a better test of the congruency hypothesis as these pharmacists had relatively large discrepancies in desired and perceived work attributes. Results obtained from a mail survey showed no significant association between congruency of job attributes to desired attributes and job satisfaction when the total sample was used in the analysis. The congruency hypothesis was supported for recently qualified pharmacists for the attributes of skill‐utilization and variety. In all analyses desired job attributes, either directly or in interaction with perceived job attributes, accounted for far less variance in job satisfaction than perceived job attributes alone. These findings are generally consistent with previous results in showing that work values, as measured by desired job attributes, are very weak predictors of job satisfaction. The strongest predictors of job satisfaction were measures of perceived skill‐utilization, influence and variety. The implications of these results for current theories of job satisfaction were briefly discus

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254719

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Many studies have examined the effect of reading habits on the sequence in which items in a display are processed. They have usually employed English or Hebrew readers. The reading habits of both groups constrain them to scan horizontally, thus limiting the scope of investigation of the nature of sequential behaviour. However, the characteristics of the Chinese script enable the experimenter to extend this type of research, because sequential behaviour in Chinese readers can be investigated with a wider variety of stimulus display patterns than the horizontal arrays usally used in such research.This paper describes ar experiment in which the sequential response tendencies of Chinese readers were studied in a naming task with unrelated Chinese characters. There are two modes of reading Chinese: A and B. Mode A is the same as reading English while Mode B starts at the top‐rightmost corner of a page, descends vertically and reads from right to left column by column. All subjects were familiar with both reading modes and perhaps had greater experience with Mode B. However, when given an option, they tended to respond predominantly in Mode A. The results could not be accounted for by reading habits alone. They are attributed to the manifestation of a hypothetical sequencing mechanis

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254720

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Life‐Span Development and Behavior, Volume 2. Paul B. Baltes and Orville G. Brim, Jr (Eds.). New York. Academic Press. 1979. xiii + 348. US23.00.Stress and Mental Disorder. James E. Barrett (Ed.). New York. Raven Press.1979. × + 300. $25.16.Rehabilitation Counselling Research. Brian Bolton. Baltimore, Md. University Park Press. 1979. xvii + 293. US14.95.Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Psychiatric Disorder in Women. Geor e W. Brown and Tirril Harris. London. Tavistock Publications. 1978. 374. $16.85 paper.Social Development: The Origins and Plasticity of Interchanges. Robert B. Cairns. San Francisco. W. H. Freeman. 1979. xi + 438. US $l5.00.Love and Attraction. Mark Cook and Glenn Wilson (Eds.). Oxford. Pergamon.1979. xvii + 554. $55.00.Clinical Treatment and Research in Psychopathology. A. J. Finch, J. R. and P. C. Kendall (Eds.). New York. S. P. Medical and Scientific (Spectrum). 1979. xi +392. No price given.Clinical Applications of Biofeedback: Appraisal and Status. Robert J. Gatchel and Kenneth P. Price (Eds.). Oxford. Pergamon Press. 1979. xiii + 287. $10.45 paper.Maximising Treatment Gains: Transfer Enhancement in Psychotherapy. Arnold Goldstein and Frederick Kanfer (Eds.). New York. Academic Press. 1979. xii + 487. $25.00.Neuropsychology of Left‐Handedness. Jeannine Herron (Ed.). New York. Academic Press. 1979. xiv + 357. US24.50.Learning and Teaching Concepts. H. J. Klausmeier. New York. Academic Press.1980. xx + 228. US22.50.Contributions lo the Psychopathology of Schizophrenia. Brendan A. Maher (Ed.). New York. Academic Press. 1977. ix + 382. $9.50.The Missing Medical Text: Humane Patient Care. Anthony R. Moore. Carlton. Melbourne University Press. 1978. xi + 249. No price given.Issues in Instructional Systems Development. Harold F. O'Neil, Jr. (Ed.). New York. Academic Press. 1979. xii + 211. No price given.Stimulus Control of Behavior. H. Keith Rodewald. Baltimore, Md. University Park Press. 1979. vii + 162. US11.95.Observing Behavior: Theory and Application in Mental Retardation. Volume 1. G. P. Sackett (Ed.). Baltimore, Md. University Park Press. 1978. $31.90.Stress and Anxiety. Volume 7. I. G. Samson and C. D. Spielberger (Eds.). New York. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation. 1980. xi + 308. $25.50.Strategies of In formation Processing. Geoffrey Underwood. (Ed.). London. Academic Press. 1978. vii + 455. £20.00.Community Health Nursing. Judith E. Waring and James P. McLennan. Sydney. McGraw‐Hill. 1979. xiii + 342.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049538208254721

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1982

数据来源: WILEY