摘要:

One hundred and sixty‐three children were tested for transitivity of length, and also for ability to remember the relative lengths of the three rods taken in successive pairs. It was found that of 107 children who failed to make the transitive inference, only 20 were unable to remember the comparisons. The results are intrepreted as contrary to the hypothesis of Bryant and Trabasso that lack of transitivity is attributable to failure to remember the appropriate comparisons. The Mathematical and Psychological basis of transitivity is considered, and it is concluded that an incorrect definition of the task has been introduced into the literature. Those studies which appear to show that preschool children can make transitive inferences may be interpreted as requiring, not transitivity, but knowledge of the specific stimuli use

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258721

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present study investigated amplitude of the skin conductance response (SCR), heart rate response (HRR), and digital pulse amplitude (DPA) response components of the orienting response to a change in tone intensity following habituation training. Experimental subjects received either 5 or 20 presentations of a 1000 Hz, 70 dB training stimulus of 3 sec duration followed by presentation of a test stimulus. Half of these subjects received a test stimulus of 63 dB (decrease of 7 dB), while for the other half, the test stimulus was a 56 dB (decrease of 14 dB) tone. Two independent control groups received 6 and 21 presentations of the training stimulus respectively, resulting in a 3 × 2 factorial design (N= 90). The results indicated that test trial SCR amplitude was significantly larger in the 14 dB change groups than in either the 7 dB change groups or the control groups. The 7 dB change groups did not differ significantly from the control groups in terms of test trial SCR amplitude. Experimental groups displayed significantly larger HRRs than did control groups, but within the experimental groups, response amplitude was not influenced by amount of change. For digital vasoconstriction, decrease in stimulus intensity did not result in a significant increase in response amplitude. Length of prior habituation training had no signficant effect on test trial response amplitude in any of the response systems. The results concerning the effect of decreases in stimulus intensity on response amplitude are generally consistent with predictions derived from Sokolov's (1963) model of the orienting response

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258722

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Boys and girls at 3, 5, and 7 years were studied for their spontaneous imitation of maternal and extrafamilial adult female models. Attention to and recall of the model's behaviour were also measured. Results indicated that children of both sexes and all ages were generally more attentive to, imitated more, and recalled more of the behaviour demonstrated by their mother than by the stranger. Furthermore, children imitated the mother more frequently in her presence; imitation of the stranger was lower and independent of the presenceabsence variable. It is suggested that the mother functions as a comparatively strong social model. This is evident in both attentional and performance components of the observational learning sequence.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258723

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Korboot and Naylor (1972) studied institutionalized alcoholics (mean age 56) with respect to WAIS and MIA. The present study was intended to provide information about 65 younger indivduals (mean age 36) in relation to two levels of severity of alcoholic addiction, and total abstention. The scores resulting from testing with WAIS and MIA showed progressive deterioration from the group of 13 total abstainers through the Low Severity to the High Severity Group, and onwards to the older alcoholic dementia group of the earlier study. The downward trend of the scores was significant, and is consistent with the view that excessive exposure to alcohol results in progressive permanent neuronal damage, which may be considered as premature ageing in relation to impairment of psychomotor skill.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258724

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Television's impact on adults was evaluated by contrasting mother's and father's patterns of life activities and perceptions ofthe mass media in three Australian towns–one with five years of experience with one TV channel and two years with another (theHigh‐TVtown), one with one year's experience with one TV channel (theLow‐TVtown) and one without TV (theNo‐TVtown). Parents' patterns of life activities change markedly in relation to the availability of television. The use of alternative media is highest in the No‐TV town, decreases significantly in the Low‐TV town, and manifests a slight recovery in the High‐TV town, Similarly, social engagement tends to be highest in the No‐TV town and depressed in the two television communities but the pursuit of indivdual interests, such as hobbies, manifests a linear increase with increasing availability of television. Parents' evaluation of the functions of television and other media can be conceptualized in terms of “entertainment” and “information”. Parents in the No‐TV town consider television to be primarily an entertainment medium while those in the two television towns feel that television serves both entertainment and information functions. In addition, parents who have had the greatest experience with television (High‐TV town) evaluate television more negatively (i.e., less exciting, interesting, and important) than their contemporaries for whom television is mor

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258725

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The relative contribution of verbal and nonverbal cues to the formation of impressions of confidence was assessed. Sequences, in which actresses gave street directions with different levels of verbal and nonverbal confidence, were recorded and replayed to subjects using television. Eighty male and eighty female first‐year Psychology students rated the televised performances on five scales which included expressed confidence. Analysis of the ratings demonstrated that the nonverbal cues expressing confidence or its lack accounted for more than ten times the variance due to the verbal cues. The results are interpreted in the context of other experiments which similarly demonstrate that in the expression of feelings and emotions the nonverbal signals tend to dominate the verba

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258726

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Current classifications of leadership styles are reviewed and it is maintained that a more inclusive classification would measure leadership style on two separate dimensions of need for control and participation. With such a classification it is possible to relate leadership style directly to group structure by measuring the difference between the leader's expressed needs and the opportunity he has of satisfying these needs in the position he is assigned within the structure. Opportunities for satisfying these. needs are measured by indices of potential influence and participation. Finally, a discrepancy index, d, is developed to enable measurement of the difference between the matrix of needs and the matrix of need opportunities. The relation between d values of leaders and members and job satisfaction and group productivity is investigated in a number of experimental small‐group studie

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258727

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Equity Theory: Toward a General Theory of Social Interaction.Social Exchange Theory: The Two Traditions.Peter Ekeh.Experimenting with Organizational Life: The Action Research Approach. Compiled by Alfred W. Clark.The Sociology of Leisure. Stanley Parker.Categorization and Social Judgement. J. Richard Eiser and Wolfgang Shoebe.Social Psychology and Modern Life. Patricia N. Middlebrook.The Nature of Man. R. L. Gorsuch and H. N. Malony.Growth Through Reason: Verbatim Cases in Rational‐Emotive Therapy. Albert Ellis.Teaching All Children to Read. Michael A. Wallach and Lise Wallach.Reading Disabilities: An International Perspective. L. Tarnapol and M. Tarnapol (Eds.).The Use of Definite and Indefinite Reference in Young Children. Michael P. Maratsos.Teaching Exceptional Children. P. S. Strain, T. P. Cooke and T. Apolloni.Vision and Acquisition. I. Overington.Motor Control. George E. Stelmach (Ed.).Animal Models in Human Psychobiology. G. Serban and A. Kling (Eds.).Obesity‐Etiology, Treatment, and Management. M. V. Kline, L. L. Coleman, E. E. Wick and P. A. Sullivan (Eds.).Psychology. Wilbert J. McKeachie, Charlotte L. Doyle, and Mary M. Moff

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258728

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537708258720

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1977

数据来源: WILEY