摘要:

This experiment examined the effect of experiences of success and failure on self‐esteem, measured by evaluative scales on the semantic differential. Self‐esteem was differentiated into two aspects, Myself Now (state self‐esteem) and Myself Usually (trait self‐esteem). The experiment had two parts. In Part 1, half the subjects were randomly assigned to a success experience and half to a failure experience. The prediction that those experiencing failure would score lower on state self‐esteem than those experiencing success was supported when tested on a sample of 98 college students. As expected, the groups did not differ on trait self‐esteem.Part 2 of the experiment was an examination of a further experience of success and failure on state and trait self‐esteem. Half of the subjects from each of the first success and failure treatments were randomly assigned to a success experience; the other half received a failure experience. Thus investigation could be made of possible cumulative or modifying effects of initial success or failure on later experiences. The most recent experience was found to have the stronger effect on state self‐esteem, with the initial experience showing little in the way of modifying or cumulative effects. Trait self‐esteem was a

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254643

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Existing scales of authoritarianism are generally lacking in validity. Their correlations with conservatism are therefore uninformative. A new scale of authoritarianism in personality scale format has been devised and shown to be valid. Various correlates of this scale in Australia suggest that it is not related to conservatism. Two general population studies in England and Scotland found that there were no correlations between the new scale and various conservatism attitude items. It was concluded that authoritarianism of personality is equally likely to be found on either side of the political divide even if admiration of traditional authority is generally associated with conservatism only.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254644

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A discriminant analysis of responses to the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) was performed to investigate sex‐related differences in assertiveness. The analysis revealed a discriminant function differentiating between males and females, with males scoring higher on the function than females. However, inspection of the composition of the discriminant function indicated that responses on a significant number of the items of the RAS did not differ between males and females, and furthermore, on some items, females reported themselves as more assertive than males. Results are discussed in terms of claims that the RAS is a measure of a “general” trait of assertiv

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254645

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Insufficient attention has been given to features of experimental design which differentiate long‐delay learning paradigms from traditional learning paradigms. This experiment investigated an interrelated set of design features — the spatial and biological relationships of cue, behaviour and reinforcement — which characterize the taste‐aversion learning paradigm. These features were replicated in a fully exteroceptive paradigm in which the cues were perceptual characteristics of an object, the behaviour was touching of the object, and the reinforcer was delayed electric shock. Long‐delay learning, measured in terms of amount of touching of the object, was obtained in two separate ex

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254646

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Nine groups of subjects were trained to make a button‐press avoidance response and were then given different treatments before being tested for extinction. During treatment the experimental subjects were exposed to the light (CS) for 2, 5, or 10 sec on each of the ten trials. Subjects in the three response prevention groups (RP 20, 50, and 200) were physically prevented from making the avoidance response while subjects in the three flooding groups (Flooding 20, 50, and 200) were exposed to the CS irrespective of their responding. Subjects in the three Time Control groups (Time Control 20, 50, and 200) were given CS‐alone trials until they had been exposed to the CS for 20, 50, or 200 sec. Subjective fear was measured at different stages of the experiment by asking the subjects to report their fear on a 100‐point scale. It was found that RP was effective in producing extinction of avoidance at a total CS exposure of 20 sec whereas both the Flooding and Time Control procedures produced avoidance extinction at a total CS exposure of 200 sec. The Time Control groups showed greater resistance to extinction than their counterpart RP groups at each CS exposure. It was concluded that RP is the most effective procedure for the extinction of avoidance. Only the Time Control 200 group showed any evidence of fear extinction. None of the RP and Flooding groups showed a significant reduction in the strength of

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254647

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A recent study has claimed to present evidence contrary to the view that young children can make transitive inferences provided they remember the information in the premises. Here the claim is disputed, for it is not clear that the reported test of transitivity in fact tested this ability. Problems in assessing transitive ability in children are considered.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254648

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Grieve and Nesdale's criticisms of Halford and Galloway's study showing that children who fail to make transitive inferences can remember the relevant comparisons are rebutted on several grounds. Firstly, their argument that the transitivity assessment procedure used permitted false positives involves unwarranted extrapolation from the literature, and is in any case irrelevant to Halford and Galloway's conclusions which rest on negative cases. Grieve and Nesdale's case for false negatives in Halford and Galloway's data is found to be potentially relevant, but is unsupported by any evidence. The general problem of measuring transitivity is assessed, and it is shown that polemics of this kind are inherently unresolvable unless there is consensus in advance as to the operational definition of the relevant concepts. A test procedure which might achieve this consensus is suggested.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254649

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Psychobgy of Learning and Memory. Douglas L. Hintzman. San Francisco. W. H. Freeman.Child Language: An Interdisciplinary Guide to Theory and Research. Adele A. Abrahamsen.Long‐Term Treatments of Psychotic States. Colette Chiland with Paul Bequart.Visual Learning, Thinking, and Communication. Bikkar S. Randhawa and William E. Coffman (Eds.).The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): A Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography (1940‐1 965). Earl S. Taulbee, H. Wilkes Wright and David E. Stenmark.Human Sexualities. John H. Cagnon. Glenview, Ill. Scott, Foreman.The Psychology of Learning and Motivation. Advances in Research and Theory. Volume 10. Gordon G. Bower (Ed.).Methods in Psychobiology, Volume III. R. D. Myers (Ed.).Skilled Performance: Perceptual and Motor Skills. A. T. Welford. Glenview, Ill. Scott, Foresman.Topics in Cognitive Development. Volume 1. Equilibration: Theory, Research, and Application. Marilyn H. Appel and Lois S. Goldberg (Eds.).The ScientiJc Analysis of Personality and Motivation. R. B. Cattell and P. Kline.Cognitive Development. John H. Flavell. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. Prentice‐Hall.Advances in Child Development and Behaviour. Volume 11. Hayne W. Reese (Ed.).Studies in Mother‐Infant Interaction. H. R. Schaffer (Ed.).Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Volume 10. Leonard Berkowitz (Ed.).Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 28. M. R. Rosenzweig and L. W.

ISSN:0004-9530    

DOI:10.1080/00049537908254650

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY