摘要:

This article presents and discusses some results from a study of different forms of participative decision making. The report describes the model used in the study as related to the relevant literature. Decision making is seen as a longitudinal process in which several phases can be distinguished. Moreover, even within complex decisions, which have been studied in this research, a further distinction between medium‐term/tactical and long‐term/strategic decisions seemed fruitful. The model underlying the decision‐making research is a ‘contingent model’, implying that there is no one best way of decision making.The independent variable in the model is the participative style of decision making. A number of outcome variables, including efficiency, achievement, satisfaction with the process and with the outcome, have been selected as dependent variables. Nature of the decision, phase of the decision‐making process and a number of factors such as clarity of goal, conflict and meta power, have served as contingent factors.The study shows that the phase of the decision‐making process in an important contingency variable. Phase‐specific analysis gave better insight into the nature and effects of participative decision making. Moreover, the other contingency variables also proved quite effective. A number of interesting relations could be found within subgroups classified on the basis of the contingent factors, whereas in the total group very few relationships could be established. Effectiveness and satisfaction with process and outcome resulting from participative decision making were found only for tactical and for strategic decisions. A similar contingency was found under conditions of low clarity of goal, and high le

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00105.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The present paper introduces a conceptual model of teacher stress, two data sets are employed to discover variables relevant to the model, and the interrelationships between the variables are studied through a structural equations method, LISREL. A pupil‐related stressor is shown to be the most important antecedent to a state of general strain, mental disorders, and psychosomatic symptoms. The role of time‐ and management‐related stressors is more ambiguous. Swedish comprehensive school teachers show high levels of work‐related strain and are, to a very large degree, dissatisfied with their work. It is concluded that the inclusion of individual characteristics other than biographical ones, and of factors related to salary, career structure and occupational status, would probably increase the explanatory power of the presented

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00106.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00107.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper describes an investigation into the impact of unemployment, disability and also rehabilitation centres on mental health. A measure of mental health was administered to clients entering an Employment Rehabilitation Centre, and again on completion of their course. The findings clearly show that unemployed people at the beginning of an ERC course report low levels of mental health. This was particularly so for severely physically and psychologically disabled people, and also for older clients. The evidence also showed a significant improvement in mental health for all categories of individuals who completed the course; this was most marked for those who were severely physically disabled. Improvements in mental health were associated with rated performance and also with the length of time spent on the course.

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00108.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The following hypothesis was derived from a general theory of work adjustment: the better the correspondence between occupational rewards and individual occupational needs, the greater will be employee satisfaction at work. Two samples of social workers were studied: one to obtain the occupational rewards levels, and the second to gauge individual occupational needs levels and satisfaction ratings with different work aspects. Then, vectors of difference scores between occupational needs and occupational rewards were computed for each of the subjects in the second sample, as a measure of the above correspondence.The canonical correlation analysis method was employed to ascertain the strength of association between these difference score vectors and satisfaction ratings among the subjects in the second sample. A canonical correlation of 0.84 (P<0.01) was revealed, indicating that a strong association exists. A canonical redundancy analysis was also taken as a precautionary measure. The conceptual implications of this analysis were discussed.

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00109.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Faced with a dearth of contemporary data about the predictive validity of interest measures at a time of economic recession, the study compared several methods by which occupational entry might be predicted. In an investigation of material originally completed by 13‐year‐old pupils in Hertfordshire and North London, the most effective predictor appeared to be the two highest scales in an interests inventory; the least effective being those statements submitted by the pupils as representing the ambitions their parents held for t

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00110.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Four hundred and thirty‐three managerial dyads were studied in order to test aspects of Graen's role‐making model of leadership. Subordinates' negotiating latitude was found to be positively related to their job satisfaction and negatively related to their job problems, but to be uncorrelated with numbers of hours spent working. Leaders' negotiating latitude was not significantly associated with rated effectiveness of subordinates. Other predictions from the model were also unsupported. Conceptual and methodological suggestions for future research are offe

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00111.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Expectancy models have related individual work values and the availability of desired rewards in different occupations to occupational preferences, while self‐efficacy models have stressed personal perceptions of individual capacities to perform in different occupations to occupational preferences. This study demonstrates support for both models, and indicates that these models have separate and independent relationships to occupational preference. Further analysis supports the contention that the perceptions of self‐efficacy may be an important factor in explaining sex differences in occupational preferen

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00112.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00113.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Paramedics and Emergency Medical Technicians encounter death and dying routinely in the course of their jobs. Many times the death is not a clean and sterile occurrence but is witnessed and/or participated in under the most trying physical and emotional conditions. Using a participant observation approach, this research reveals that these workers are assisted in their response to death and dying by six principal coping aids: educational desensitization, humour, language alternation, scientific fragmentation, escape into work, and rationalization.

ISSN:0305-8107    

DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8325.1983.tb00114.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1983

数据来源: WILEY