ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01052.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study involves analysis of the implementation of a new release on recognizance (ROR) policy governing misdemeanor cases in a small, mid‐ western county. The case study is interesting because the policy seems to be characterized by several factors that might lead to predictions of high compliance with policy intent. The findings, however, suggest that consid‐ erable slippage between intent and implementation occurred. It is argued that this slippage is the product of communication problems, the disposition of street‐level implementors, and the failure to include implementors in decision making. These obstacles are then compounded by the lack of performance monitoring. The problems are viewed as interrelated and revolve around the top‐down implementation strategy that failed to involve those responsible for implementation – the street‐level i

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01053.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Avariety of efforts are currently underway to develop alternatives to the neoclassical paradigm and neoclassical analysis of economic behavior. Here, the author seeks not to argue which approach is most productive, but to demonstrate the useful policy implications of adding key noneconomic (so‐ cial, psychological and political) variables to a paradigm that attempts to model economic behavior. This co‐deterministic paradigm is called socio‐ economics. The article discusses the different and often insightful policy analysis that results from employing a socio‐economic set of variables in four major areas: (1) allowing for shifting preferences; (2) including institu‐ tional contexts and influences within which individual transactions take place; (3) recognizing the effects of political as well as economic power differences; and (4) combining macro and structural

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01054.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article presents a detailed examination of some key political dimen‐ sions underlying cooperative research in agricultural biotechnology among state land‐grant universities, state legislatures, and biotechnology corpora‐ tions. Factor analysis and path analysis methods are employed to assess differences in the perceptions of university administrators, biotechnology corporation researchers, and state legislators, using national and state survey data. Two attitudinal dimensions, one regarding cooperation among university and corporate researchers, and the other regarding barriers to joint research, are extracted. Generally similar attitudes are shared by university and legislative respondents, who are concerned over the prospects of market‐oriented university research. In contrast, corporate respondents are more concerned with reducing barriers to cooperative research and the need for more open communication between academia and industry, and with issues of patent rights. Extensions of this work to other states and to other high‐technology industries are c

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01055.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Two models of foreign‐policy making, the bureaucratic politics model and the royal court model, are helpful in explaining U.S. arms sales to Iran in 1985 and in 1986. The bureaucratic politics model is particularly useful in clarifying both the positions taken by the leaders of the foreign policy bureaucracy to the arms sales proposals and the behavior of these officials as the sales were implemented. However, the royal court model best ac‐ counts for the decisive role of the president and the deference given to those advisers perceived to be acting in his intere

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01056.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The United States government has provided a range of assistance to help troubled industries. Such aid is of particular interest in debates over in‐ dustrial or competitiveness policy and in thinking about how effectively American government intervenes in the “micro economy.” The experience of aid to one industry, the New England fisheries, suggests that programs fail to achieve their ends for three major reasons. First, industry spokesmen and government officials have difficulty understanding the cause of in‐ dustry problems. Second, programs fail when they are inappropriate ap‐ proaches to solving the problems. Third, many programs have implementation difficulties. Findings on other industries suggest that the same kinds of problems interfere with the success of other programs. If government efforts to help industries often fail in ways that are somewhat predictable, then Congress and federal agencies should make the assistance more effective by taking specific steps. These efforts to improve programs, however, are problematic themselves and will not ensur

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01057.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01058.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A theoretical analysis of citizen participation in politics from a public choice perspective indicates that widespread apathy and disinterest are not aberrations in citizen behavior due to civic irresponsibility or the personal failings of individuals. Rather such responses are highly rational adapta‐ tions to a political system and political decision‐making process over which the individual has little control and participation in which, while demand‐ ing, yields few tangible returns. Elections and voting are poor mechanisms for aggregating choice, allocating resources or directing public p

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01059.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Registration barriers have been under sustained assault since the Ken‐ nedy Administration, yet participation in elections continues to decline. By the 1980s turnout in presidential and congressional elections was below what it was in 1960. The demographic correlates of participation–age, education and roots within the community–have also grown stronger, predicting to an increased turnout. Registration procedures are important and substantial changes in such practices are recommended. Without the reforms of the last generation, it is probable that turnout would have decreased even more substantially. However, the principal barriers to full participation are the quality and content of contemporary American politics. Non‐participation is a threat to democratic government, yet the disintegration of the center in politics, the failure to exercise leadership or to offer relevant candidacies and policy alternatives, the weakening of the political parties, the unresponsiveness of political institutions, the trivialization of politics through the media have all contributed to public cynicism and disinterest. The need is to find new and more responsive alternatives for public involvement in gov

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01060.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Turnout in municipal elections is even lower than that in presidential elections. Yet the problem has been largely ignored by academicians. In recent years, there have been court challenges under the 1982 Voting Rights Act to majority vote and other than single‐member districting provisions as requirements that are believed to dilute the political impact of minorities. The present analysis presents an overview of our knowledge to date, relating electoral districting and majority vote arrangements to black patterns of participation. It reviews the available literature, traces the associations that exist, identifies the problems in data collection and analysis that are present and sets forth a propositional inventory and set of conclusions that can serve as the basis for future research. The analysis incorporates original data and insights from the author's research and from cities in which he has served as a consultan

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1990.tb01061.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1990

数据来源: WILEY