摘要:

The spread of privatization in almost every country over the last decade reflects a rapid and fundamental change in patterns of policy instrument usage. Yet the literature on policy instruments has almost nothing to say on this perhaps most significant development in public policy in recent times. This paper's objective is to aid in the development of a theory of policy instrument choice which is capable of dealing with instances of long‐term, cross‐national changes in policy instrument usage. It will be argued that reconceptualization of instrument choices in terms of policy learning can aid in this theoretical proj

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00505.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The underrepresentation of minorities in higher education evokes a widely shared sense of urgency among educational policymakers. Allan Oster, president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, has described the persistent gap between minority and white participation rates as “[o]ne of the most pressing issues facing higher education today” (American Council on Education, 1988b, p. iv). Eliminating the gap and overcoming the other educational inequalities faced by minorities “is not an option, but a necessity; and the need is not eventual, it is immediate” (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990, p. 14). Failure to take timely and decisive action not only threatens the moral and intellectual integrity of higher education as a whole, but our nation's economic well‐being (American Council on Education, 1988b, p. 1). As officials at Smith College so eloquently said, “[i]t is no exaggeration to say that the future of the nation and the future of higher education depend on the ability of the educational establishment to become more inclusive” (Smith College, 19

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00506.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Policy analysis in developing country contexts poses special challenges. Very little is known about the policy process in these countries. Trying to rein the cultural, organizational and political factors that affect problem solving becomes an inductive search beyond the logic of conventional models of analysis. Using the AIDS issue as a case study, this article tries to throw light on the policy process in the three East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda with a view to highlighting the challenges of policy analysis in developing country contexts.

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00507.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although women now represent a significant proportion of many (if not most) jail staffs, the degree to which their perceptions of corrections work differs from males' remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we compare female and male jail staff perceptions regarding the stress associated with work in jails, the job satisfaction to be derived from jail work, the job environment experienced in jails and the level of commitment to jail facilities across five jail settings. Our findings show important gender‐based similarities and differences that need to be understood to maximize the benefits of the work force diversity that women bring to the corrections professio

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00508.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00509.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although social security programs were originally introduced as measures to reduce the poverty of needy groups, factors such as coverage, vestedness, administrative regulations and the so‐called “wage stop” effectively prevent millions of people throughout the world from living decently when their only source of income is from social security. In the overwhelming majority of social security programs worldwide, including old‐age pensions, illness and maternity programs, workers compensation, and family or children's allowances, coverage is open only to workers and usually excludes housewives, transient workers, agricultural laborers, new immigrants and part‐time workers. Similarly, vestedness requirements effectively prevent many people from receiving benefits. Administrative regulations, including waiting times and proof of status, add to the difficulties many people have in getting social security benefits. Most importantly, the stipulation in almost every program that no one should be able to get from welfare programs that which he or she could get from wages or salaries keeps the level of payments far below the poverty line. This paper will document and demonstrate the influence of social security programs throughout the world in contributing to the maintenance of poverty and will propose some radical solutions for overcoming th

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00510.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The unintended effects of social policy measures are frequently important, controversial, difficult to ascertain and even more difficult to quantify. Some selected aspects of four types of unintended effects are discussed in this article. First, effects due to redistribution of income as well as life chances and opportunities as determined by market forces and attitudes (sexism, ageism, racism) favor some at the expense of others. Even redistribution which increases gross domestic product (GDP) often disadvantages certain groups. Second, contingency‐related benefits tend to favor population groups differently. Third, free and subsidized health services, in certain conditions, increase both the supply and demand for services—the moral hazard problem. Fourth, contingency benefits in cash and kind tend to increase the incidence of such contingencies and, if income‐related, tend to result in poverty and unemployment traps. Cross‐national comparative studies may be a useful device in ascertaining effects or the absence of

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00511.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In this paper, the significance of basic income as an option in the future is investigated against the background of recent changes in society and social security systems, presented in four segments. First, the concept of basic income is presented in the context of existing social security systems. Basic income represents an elementary form of unconditional income in terms of labor and income. Second, arguments for and against basic income are studied; the social and political foundation is identified; and the relationship between the validity of the basic income as a future option and concrete socioeconomic conditions is discussed. Third, basic income is placed against the background of wider processes of social ordering—specifically, the relationship between state and society. Finally, arguments are made for reconsidering the present system of social security and its future transitio

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00512.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Although social security emerged in the industrial countries as a mechanism for alleviating and preventing poverty, it has had a negligible impact on the problem of poverty in the developing countries. Because of the high incidence of poverty in the Third World and the need for effective interventions, conventional social security policies should be critically reexamined. Reviewing previous attempts to formulate social security policies that focus on the poor, this paper challenges policymakers to identify innovative social security programs that address the poverty problem directly.

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00513.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper profiles the 1974 introduction of a new system for compensating individuals who suffer accidental injuries in New Zealand. It reviews the development of this scheme through the late 1980s and highlights the increase of political pressures for subsequent reform. Among the various difficulties identified in implementation are the operation of the “no fault” principle, the effect of the duration of disability, the payment of lump‐sum compensation and the question of indexing payments. Disputes about the detailed funding of the scheme and politically inspired changes in the revenue base are explained. The major dilemma posed by different levels of compensation for those disabled by accident or sickness is examined. The paper concludes by querying whether the identified problems are a reflection of weaknesses in the original scheme or a result of less‐than‐full imple

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00514.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1993

数据来源: WILEY