ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00976.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper suggests a technique for evaluating threat assessments when reliable data is unavailable. Previously, scholars have found that political leaders manipulated threat assessments to achieve desired defense policy outcomes. Yet contemporary communication about threats are not easily studied, leading some writers to call for new studies of Clausewitz's so‐called “social” dimension of strategy – the efforts by governments to assure domestic support for defense policies. To apply the suggested technique, this paper examines the Reagan Administration's claim that the threats from Soviet strategic defenses justify the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative. The Administration's arguments are found to be unclear and internally inconsistent. Despite some fear appeals about Soviet threats, Reagan officials typically noted that American offensive forces will continue to render Soviet defenses impotent and obsolete for the forseeable future. Indeed, vague and inconsistent statements about Soviet forces may have undermined Administration efforts to fulfill SDI funding goals, to codify early deployment plans, and even to establish Manhattan or Apollo‐type policy pr

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00977.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The three levels of government in the U.S. federal system maintain a different set of policy priorities because they operate under varying environmental constraints and resources. Efforts to categorize and specify the politics in terms of policy types have been particularly fruitful at both the federal (e.g., Lowi) and the local (e.g., Peterson) levels. At the state level, however, the typology perspective has yet to be more fully developed. This paper makes a preliminary effort to construct a typology framework in understanding state politics and policy. First, politics can be differentiated between growth and redistribution in the structural economic context. While redistributive politics are largely structured by class‐oriented issues, growth politics are predominantly shaped by territorial concerns that temper class and ideological differences. Equally important, the growth‐redistribution distinction can be supplemented by the politics of routine services, such as public education. The latter remains dominated by service‐provider groups. Moreover, based on an empirical analysis of hundreds of bills in one state legislature, these political differences are found to have contributed to variations in policy consensus among lawmakers as well as interest group representation in agenda setting and legitimation across policy arenas. Our findings also suggest limitations to the typology fram

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00978.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Capital‐intensive privatization (CIP) is an option for infrastructure project development. Advocates claim that CIP generates cost savings through efficiencies inherent in the coordinated design, construction, and operation of facilities. The present paper assesses these claims in the field of municipal wastewater treatment facilities (WIWs). It presents case‐study results and aggregate data on seven of the first privatized WIWs, and on seven comparable grant‐funded facilities. The analysis relies on the concepts of system and process. It concludes that CIP changes the system of players and the processes through which they interact. In doing so, CIP generates efficiencies of time and cost in project design and construction. It also may change accountability mechanisms, trade efficiency off against accountability, and raise issues of compatibility with the nature of the state. These matters bear directly on the current debates over tax and budget policy generated by increased demands for services, limited resources, and deficit reduction man

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00979.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00980.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

“Family Policy” is a term that is used increasingly in the U.S. to describe policies affecting children and their families. In this article, the authors focus on whether societal learning has occurred across the Atlantic with regard to family policy and what, if anything, the U.S. has learned or borrowed from Europe. The authors conclude that there has been some borrowing, albeit modest; currently, some of that learning is reflected in an expanding child policy deb

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00981.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A constrast is drawn between public policy and programmatic implementations of policy. The argument is made that conservatives possess a coherent and thoughtful family policy, whereas progressives are devoid of such a policy. Lacking any “high moral ground” progressives find themselves on the defensive when proposing specific programs. Consequently guidelines for a progressive policy for families is proposed, along with examples of programs that might derive from

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00982.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper examines the goals of current family policy proposals from a feminist perspective. It reveals the fundamental pronatalist values that are inherent in such proposals. It reviews recent research that raises questions regarding the actual impact of Scandinavian family policies (which are often used as a model), in terms of actually achieving the stated objective of enhancing equality between the sexes. It briefly explores the family policy that already exists in the United States, having been judicially enacted by the Supreme Court, and finally, it shows how most current family based policy proposals serve to maintain inequality rather than to promote equality, both in society and the home.The paper attempts to raise issues that policymakers need to consider in order to establish a long range policy goals that will truly benefit women and their families.

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00983.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1987 the Connecticut General Assembly made the first attempt in the nation's history to pass a comprehensive family policy. A total of 16 of 26 proposed bills were approved at a total cost of nearly $35 million. Included in the package was aparental and medical leave bill for state employees, a pilot program for displaced homemakers, and a bill to improve access to child day care. This study emphasizes the importance of strong party leadership, the need for comprehensive proposals that appeal to a variety of constituencies, and the importance of the right political and economic timing in enacting family‐oriented legislatio

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00984.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This article examines the ways in which a feminist family policy agenda has led to significant political action and change within American cities. Feminist groups, during the past fifteen years, became a part of emerging local women's rights policy networks that effected changes in several services for women and children: libraries (programming for women and non‐sexist children's literature acquisitions policies); public education (gender equit under Title IX); social welfare (child care and displaced homemaker services); and criminal justice and health (the treatment of the victims of rape and domestic violence). This policy success stems not only from the workings of traditional interest group politics and policy networks but also from the astute use of political symbols, bureaucratic norms, and the federal syste

ISSN:1541-132X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1541-1338.1989.tb00985.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1989

数据来源: WILEY