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E D I T O R I A L This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 James Clark Scientific Editor looks back on 2001 2001 has been another eventful and largely positive year for Green Chemistry. The journal has gone from strength to strength with a growing number of high-quality articles and an increasing number of subscribers. Of particular note was the recent announcement of the journals first official impact factor which at 2.11 ranks it alongside many well established and highly regarded chemistry and engineering journals—thanks to all who have made this possible. We continue to be very ambitious in our plans for the journal which we intend to remain the journal for innovative research in green chemical technology and for publicising relevant educational and industrial developments.The year saw major conferences and events on green chemistry and related topics in India Italy England Wales Scotland Ireland USA Japan Korea China and Spain. Highlights included the official opening of the new Australian Centre for Green Chemistry (Green Chemistry 2001 G66) the IUPAC/OECD Green Chemistry education workshop the start of a European ‘COST’ programme in Green Chemistry (Green Chemistry 2001 G72) and the launch of the UK Faraday Partnership on Green Chemical Technology (Green Chemistry 2001 G38). It is interesting to note that the year started and finished with significant events in India. January saw the first IUPAC international Symposium on Green Chemistry in Delhi reflecting the recognition of the importance of the movement in the developing countries (Green Chemistry 2001 G18).At the end of December the National Renewable Energy Convention was held in Warangal. Renewable energy is a subject of widespread interest and has been a theme of several front section articles in Green Chemistry in 2001. A recent survey in the UK showed that almost everyone interviewed was aware of climate change and 74% said they were concerned about its effects. Almost three-quarters of the public associate the use of fossil fuel with an increased risk of climate change and there was high approval for renewable energy sources (http://www.rspb.org.uk/caffairs/default.asp). There has been some significant progress in the use of renewable fuels for transportation (Green Chemistry 2001 G56 and G61) including the use of rapeseed oil for running some passenger and goods trains in Germany (http://www.prignitzereisenbahn.de/index.html). While these are exciting Green Chemistry February 2002 G2 developments they also represent another illustration of where better assessment of their true environmental impacts and benefits are required—life cycle assessment and other metrics for new potentially greener processes and products will become increasingly important as green chemistry matures. 2001 also saw significant progress with green chemistry education. Here the IUPAC/OECD Green Chemistry Workshop held in Venice this year was especially significant (see http://helios.unive.it/inca/iupac workshop/).Some 30 resources ranging from books to web-based materials and from laboratory classes to theoretical workshops were identified at the meeting. Meanwhile in Japan the Green and Sustainable Chemistry network (GSCN) is now active in enlightening students schoolchildren teachers and academics on green and sustainable chemistry and the GSCN education group is preparing an introductory textbook for college students ‘Chemistry and Environment and Introduction to Green Chemistry’. Developments in the UK include a new graduate course and new undergraduate courses start this year. While these educational developments for schools and Universities are commendable it is also important that we recognise the need for continuing education and awareness courses for those already practising the subject in teaching and in industry.It should also be recognised that a great deal of international co-ordination and co-operation is required if we are to achieve the rapid progress required at all educational levels. For 2002 a number of major events are already planned including the next Gordon Research conference on Green Chemistry in Oxford UK (see http://www.grc.uri.edu/grc_ home.htm) and the 6th annual Green Chemistry and Engineering Conference in Washington USA (http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/greenchemistry/ calendar.htm). We can also look forward to the first round of green chemistry awards from the GSCN in Japan and new network-type activities in Asia and in Europe. We seek to publish a range of research and general interest articles in Green Chemistry that properly reflect the state-of-the-art in the rapidly developing world of green chemistry and technology—chemistry and engineering research and application education and including related topics such as energy issues and life cycle assessment.The journal has come a long way in its short lifetime. We need your help and support to maintain its pre-eminent position so as to help make the world a greener place. I wish you all a happy and sustainable 2002. DOI 10.1039/b200264g Colin Raston the new Chair of the Editorial Board looks forward to 2002 It is an honour to start 2002 as Chair of the Editorial Board for Green Chemistry. My realisation of the importance of green chemistry evolved during a term as President of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute and this led to involvement in debate and leadership in the field as well as developing research initiatives.Green chemistry is the way ahead in developing more benign technologies and ultimately sustainability for the benefit of future generations. The tragic events of 11 September 2001 have given way to optimism and chemists can contribute to this through various avenues in particular by looking to a brighter future by getting involved in green chemistry. Green Chemistry can play a pivotal role in facilitating this providing the leading forum for reporting primary research in the field as well as news and views on green chemistry in the wider context. Green Chemistry is now in its fourth year and has already stamped its success as a journal in the chemical sciences with an inaugural impact factor of 2.11.This is an amazing achievement and its success rests on the importance of the field and the determination of the Editorial team the Board and International Advisory Board those who have contributed research papers Guest Editorials news and views and more. In looking ahead much is being done to further enhance the journal. The signs are there a high impact and a steady increase in quality and number of papers submitted. Interest in the field is rapidly increasing in the academic government and industrial sectors as well as in the public sector. The general enthusiasm for green chemistry in academia is particularly encouraging both in research and undergraduate teaching programs.In this context the journal is interested in receiving manuscripts dealing with teaching initiates including new experiments for undergraduate laboratories. At the postgraduate level research programs are flourishing workshops are now commonplace and there is an increasing number of conferences dedicated solely to green chemistry. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 E D I T O R I A L Chemistry departments may find that mounting lecture courses and indeed degree programs in green chemistry may be a way of stemming the tide of fewer students entering degree programs in chemicals sciences as well as identifying green chemistry as a great career choice.The teaching of green chemistry has important implications in down stream research into sustainablity as well as enhancing community perceptions about chemistry and more. The Editorial Board and the International Advisory Board are responsible for increasing the standing of Green Chemistry for it to best serve the readers those engaged in research through to teaching industrial issues debate etc. We are looking for flexibility. The journal is a forum for providing primary research on green chemistry as well as a forum for news and views bringing together research highlights from other journals conferences industry and government. All these are important in raising the awareness of green chemistry and are important for such a rapidly emerging discipline.If you feel you can make a contribution to the journal in any of these categories we would like to hear from you. Green chemistry covers a wide spectrum of chemistry linking into the biological sciences for example in bio-catalysis associated with generating commodity chemicals from bio-mass through to engineering analytical methodology mineral processing and nano-technology. Research linking into the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry should be considered for publication in the journal. The more common areas of synthetic protocol and alternative reaction media do not cover the full spectrum of green chemistry and may distort the perceptions as to what the important issues are. In addition to the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry originally mapped out by Anastas and Warener there are now 12 more principles for consideration reported in the last issue of the journal (Winterton G73–74). My vision for the journal is one of taking the issues of green chemistry to the fore. Green chemistry is the link to sustainability and researchers in the field are the caretakers for the future. I welcome all new members to the Board and the International Advisory Board and I look forword to the challenges ahead. Green Chemistry February 2002 G3

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/b200264g

出版商:RSC    

年代:2002

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Board members 2002 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 The following are the members of the Editorial and International Advisory Boards of Green Chemistry for 2002 CHAIR Colin Raston completed a Ph.D. under the guidance of Professor Allan White and after postdoctoral studies with Professor Michael Lappert at the University of Sussex he was appointed Lecturer at the University of Western Australia (1981) then to Chairs of Chemistry at Griffith University (1988) and Monash University (1995) before his move early in 2001 to the University of Leeds where he holds the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry. His research interests cover aspects of main group supramolecular and green chemistry having helped to establish the Centre for Green Chemistry at Monash University.SCIENTIFIC EDITOR James Clark is a graduate of Kings College London. Following postdoctoral research in Canada and in the UK he joined the academic staff at the University of York in 1979. He now holds the Chair of Industrial and Applied Chemistry at York where he heads the Clean Technology Centre including a large research group working on various aspects of green chemistry including clean synthesis the replacement of hazardous substances including conventional acids and bases and renewable feedstocks. He is also the founding director of the Green Chemistry Network which has over 500 members worldwide. Green Chemistry February 2002 G4 ASSOCIATE EDITOR THE AMERICAS James K. Bashkin was born in Iowa City in 1958 but spent most of his early years in Tucson AZ.After attending the University of Arizona for a year he transferred to the University of California at Irvine. After graduating in 1977 he went to Oxford to do his graduate work with Malcolm L. H. Green. He obtained a D.Phil. in organometallic chemistry in 1982 and then moved to R. H. Holm’s group at Harvard where he was an NIH postdoctoral fellow in bio-inorganic chemistry. He then took a position at Monsanto Corporate Research. During this time (1985–1991) he co-invented a solid-state reference electrode a new green chemistry version of nucleophilic aromatic substitution and catalytic drug candidates based on functional mimics of ribozymes. Through the efforts of many co-workers the green chemistry was commercialized in Europe by Flexsys a joint venture between Solutia and Akzo Nobel.He and co-inventor M. K. Stern shared Monsanto’s Thomas and Hochwalt prize for this chemistry and the team shared the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in 1998. From 1991–99 he was a member of the chemistry faculty at Washington University in St. Louis. In 1999 he returned to Monsanto (now Pharmacia Corporation) and also became Research Associate Professor at the University of Missouri St. Louis. ASSOCIATE EDITOR THE AMERICAS Terry Collins is the Thomas Lord Professor of Chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University and an Honorary Professor at the University of Auckland New Zealand.He earned his B.Sc. (1974) M.Sc. (1975) and Ph.D. (1978) degrees from the University of Auckland in New Zealand where he worked with Warren R. Roper. After postdoctoral work at Stanford University with Jim Collman he joined the faculty of Caltech in 1980 and the faculty of Carnegie Mellon University in 1987. Professor Collins’ research awards include the 1998 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award the 1997 Award of the Society of Pure and Applied Coordination Chemistry of Japan a Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholarship an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship and the Lionel H. Briggs Memorial Prize of the University of Auckland. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Auckland and Osaka City University.He has written and lectured widely on the possibilities before chemists to develop vibrant new economies to promote sustainability. His research program is aimed at greening oxidation technologies and is currently focused primarily on the design of nontoxic catalysts for activating natural oxidants especially hydrogen peroxide for sustainable oxidations. His catalyst design work has overlapped with the design of molecular magnetic compounds. Tracy Williamson received her B.A. in chemistry in 1985 from Hamilton College and her Ph.D. in physical organic chemistry in 1992 from the University of Delaware. Tracy currently is acting Chief of the Industrial Chemistry Branch in the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics at the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. Responsibilities at EPA have included providing technical support to EPA’s New and Existing Chemicals. She has also worked extensively on several green chemistry initiatives including grants programs aimed at providing support for basic research in the area of green chemistry and educational projects aimed at incorporating green chemistry concepts and examples into classical NEWS & V I E W S DOI 10.1039/b200266n chemistry curricula textbooks and laboratory courses. Tracy is currently the Director of EPA’s Green Chemistry Program. She is also very active in the American Chemical Society as a professional member and serves on the Board of the ACS Committee on Environmental Improvement.Pietro Tundo graduated at University of Bologna (1969) and following appointments at the Universities of Torino and Messina he was appointed Full Professor of Organic Chemistry at Ca’ Foscari University of Venice in 1989. He was the founder of the Interuniversity Consortium ‘Chemistry for the Environment’ (INCA 1993) of which he is Director. He is chairman of the Working Party on ‘Synthetic Pathways and Processes in Green Chemistry’ under IUPAC Commission III/2 a member of the editorial committee of Reactive & Functional Polymers La Chimica e l’Industria and of Clean Products and Processes and a member of the OECD Issue Team for the Sustainable Chemistry Program. Makoto Misono received his Bachelor Master and Doctor’s degree in engineering from the Unversity of Tokyo and started his academic career in 1966 at the University of Tokyo where he became a full professor in 1983.Since he retired in 1999 with the Emeritus professorship he has been a professor at Kogakuin University a private technical university located in the center of Tokyo. He has studied heterogeneous catalysis for 40 years and is now more involved in various activities related to the environment and chemistry. He received awards from the Catalysis Society (1991) Petroleum Institute (1996) and Chemical Roger A. Sheldon has more than 20 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 NEWS & V I E W S Society of Japan (1987 and 2002) and also was a Ipatieff lecturer (1996/7) at Northwestern University USA.Finally he is Member Science Council of Japan; Chairman Steering Committee of Green Sustainable Chemistry Network Japan; Chairman Committee for Environment and Safety; and Representative Forum for Green Chemistry The Chemical Society of Japan. Tony Barrett was educated at Imperial College in London (B.Sc. 1973 Ph.D. 1975) where he worked with Professor Sir Derek H. R. Barton Nobel Laureate. He was appointed as Lecturer immediately following his Ph.D. studies and he continued research in South Kensington until 1983. In that year he was appointed a full professor of Chemistry at Northwestern University in Evanston Illinois USA. In 1990 he moved further west in the United States to become a full professor of Chemistry at Colorado State University.After nearly ten years research in the USA he returned to Imperial College as Head of Organic Chemistry and subsequently Synthetic Chemistry where he holds the position of Glaxo Professor of Organic Chemistry and Director of the Wolfson Centre for Organic Chemistry in Medical Science. Recently he was appointed Sir Derek Barton Professor of Synthesis. Avelino Corma Canos was born in Moncófar Spain in 1951. He studied Chemistry at the Universidad de Valencia (1967–1973) and received his Ph.D. at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 1976. He is director of the Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC) at the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia since 1990.His current research field is zeolites as catalysts covering aspects of synthesis characterization and reactivity in acid-base and redox catalysis. Avelino Corma has written about 400 articles on these subjects in international journals three books and a number of reviews and book chapters. He has been a member of the Editorial Boards of Microporous and Mesoporous Materials Catalysis Review Science and Engineering Catalysis Letters Journal of Molecular Catalysis Catalysis Technologies Chemical Communications Japanese Catalysis Surveys Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics Journal of Catalysis and Dalton Transactions. He is co-author more than 45 patents six of them being commercialised. He has been awarded with the DuPont Award on new materials (1995) the Spanish National Award ‘Leonardo Torres Quevedo’ on Technology Research (1995) Burdiñola (1997) Premio Iberdrola de Química (1998) and F.Ciapetta award of the North American Catalyst Society (1998) Ipatieff Lecturer at Northwestern University 2000/01 ‘Rey Jaime I’ Award on New Technologies (2000) and the François Gault Lectureship (EFCATS) (2001). years industrial experience with Shell (1969–1980) and DSM (1980-1990). In 1991 he was appointed Professor of Organic Chemistry & Catalysis at the Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands. His primary research interests are in the application of catalytic methods—homogeneous heterogeneous and enzymatic—in organic synthesis. He is the author of three books on catalysis one (with Jay Kochi) on catalytic oxidation one on syngas chemistry and more recently one on chirotechnology.He is the recipient of the 1997 Paul Rylander Award of the Organic Reactions Green Chemistry February 2002 G5 NEWS & V I E W S and Catalysis Society. He developed the concepts of E factors and atom utilization for assessing the environmental impact of chemical processes. Recent achievements include the application of water soluble palladium complexes in the biphasic carbonylation of alcohols hydrocarboxylation of olefins and CO/olefin copolymerizations. The application of biphasic catalysis with water soluble complexes to other conversions e.g. the catalytic oxidation of alcohols and olefins is currently under investigation.Robin D. Rogers was born in Ft. Lauderdale FL in 1957 and moved to Alabama in 1960. He obtained both his B.S. in Chemistry (1978) and his Ph.D. in Chemistry (1982) at The University of Alabama and is currently a Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Center for Green Manufacturing at UA. He became a full Professor at Northern Illinois University in 1994 and in 1996 he returned to a full professorship at his alma mater. In 1998 he became the Director for The University of Alabama’s Center for Green Manufacturing. Rogers holds three patents and has published over 480 papers on a diverse array of topics including structural chemistry green separation science and technology room temperature ionic liquids aqueous biphasic separations dissolved metal ion separations environmental applications pollution prevention pollution remediation design and synthesis of porous solids radiochemistry and environmental inorganic chemistry.Rogers has had an influential role in the expansion of interest and research in ionic liquid systems his initial paper on ionic liquid/aqueous partitioning (Chem. Commun. 1998 1765) effectively Green Chemistry February 2002 kick-started interest in applying ionic liquids to clean separations. He has co-organized NATO ARW and ACS symposia on Industrial Applications of Ionic Liquids. Rogers was the Editor of Journal of Chemical Crystallography one of the Founding Editors of Crystal Engineering and an Associate Editor for Separation Science and Technology.Recently Rogers was named Editor-in-Chief of the new ACS journal Crystal Growth & Design and serves on the Editorial Board of the ACS journal Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. Adisa Azapagic is a Reader in Environmental Systems Engineering in the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering at the University of Surrey. She holds Dipl.-Ing. and MSc degrees in Environmental Chemical Engineering and a PhD in Environmental Technology. Dr Azapagic is also Programme Director for Engineering for the Environment. Her current research interests include System Modelling and Optimisation Clean Technology Pollution Prevention and Control Life Cycle Assessment Environmental Decision-making and Sustainable Development.She is a co-investigator on a number of research projects and has over 100 journal and conference publications and chapters in books. Dennis L. Hjeresen received his M.S. in Neuroscience in 1982 and his Ph.D. in Neuroscience (minor in Ecology) in 1984 from the University of Washington in Seattle. His research career focused on biological effects of environmental pollutants and includes an extensive list of peer-reviewed publications and a history of professional service. G6 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 Dr. Hjeresen is currently Director of the Green Chemistry Institute based in Washington D.C. He has a long history of creating pollution prevention programs and catalyzing partnerships.Dr. Hjeresen established Los Alamos as lead DOE laboratory for EPA Green Chemistry Programs. He has lectured and given presentations in this area all over the world and established significant international interest in green chemistry. He also serves as a member of the editorial board for the Journal of Clean Products and Processes and the advisory board of the Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Dr. Hjeresen serves as secretary and chair of the organizing Committee of CHEMRAWN XIV World Congress on Green Chemistry. Dr. Hjeresen serves as a United States Delegation Member—Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and Working Party on Chemicals Pesticides and Biotechnology Working Group on Research and Development in the Context of Sustainable Chemistry.Dr. Hjeresen also serves as director of the US/China Water Resources Management Program for the White House and coordinates the activities of 11 USG agencies the private sector and NGO’s as they relate to water in China. This is a treaty level activity under the US/China Joint Commission Meeting on Science and Technology. Dr. Hjeresen has featured green chemistry as a key method for avoiding water pollution. He has worked in China with universities industry and government to establish a national program and to promote US private sector opportunity.Dr. Hjeresen has worked to establish an international Dr. Hjeresen was a key author of the Industrial Waste Reduction Program and the Environmental Management Science Program for DOE and has developed industrial and government partnerships in a number of areas. Dr. Hjeresen is currently serving as the Chair of the DOE Environmental Management Science Program Technical Program Committee. Dr. Hjeresen also serves on the DOE Strategic Laboratory Council an advisory body to Senior DOE Management. Kenneth R. Seddon started his academic career at Liverpool University where he graduated with his PhD in 1973. After Research Fellowships at Liverpool University and Oxford he joined the University of Sussex as a Lecturer in Experimental Chemistry in 1982.In 1993 he was appointed to the Chair of Inorganic Chemistry at Queen’s University Belfast and is now also Director of the Queen’s University Ionic Liquids Laboratories (QUILL) Centre. It was in Oxford that his interest in his three main research areas (ionic liquids for green industrial applications crystal engineering and archaeological chemistry) had their roots. The principal aim of his work is to explore develop and understand the role of ionic liquids as media for synthetic organic chemistry such that current processes may be replaced by clean ones using ionic liquids. Professor Seddon is currently European Editor of the ACS journal Crystal Growth and Design an active editorial board member of Green Chemistry and a member of the Research Committee of the newly formed Crystal Faraday Partnership for Green Chemistry.program for the Green Chemistry Institute and established international chapters in 13 countries. From 1994–99 he held an EPSRC/Royal Academy of Engineering Clean Technology Fellowship at Nottingham. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 NEWS & V I E W S Janet Scott was born in Durban South Africa in 1964 and completed a B.Sc. degree at the University of Natal (Durban) in 1985. After a period as a Research Assistant at the Medical Research Council she obtained her B.Sc.(Hons) degree and Ph.D. at the University of Cape Town under the direction of Profs. Mino R. Caira and Luigi R. Nassimbeni.From 1992 to 1995 she held the position of lecturer jointly in the Department of Chemistry and the Academic Development Programme at the University of Cape Town and in 1996 moved to Fine Chemicals Corporation (South Africa) as Research and Development Manager before relocating to Australia and Monash University (Melbourne) during 1999 where she currently holds the position of Deputy Director in the Centre for Green Chemistry. Martyn Poliakoff began his academic career as an undergraduate at King’s College Cambridge obtaining his B.A. in 1969 and Ph.D. in 1973 under the supervision of J. J. Turner on the Matrix Isolation of Large Molecules. In 1972 he was appointed as a 1972-79 Research Officer in the Department of Inorganic Chemistry of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne.Promotion to Senior Research Officer followed in 1973 and then to a tenured position in 1975. In 1979 he was appointed to a Lectureship in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Nottingham. Promotion to Reader in Inorganic Chemistry and then to Professor of Chemistry followed in 1985 and 1991 respectively. In addition to his chair in Nottingham Professor Poliakoff is an Honorary Professor of Chemistry at Moscow State University. Professor Poliakoff is a member of the Clean Technology Group in the School of Chemistry at Nottingham. His research interests involve chemical applications of supercritical fluids with particular emphasis on green chemistry. Joan F.Brennecke is Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame Indiana. Her research interests are in the areas of supercritical fluid technology and thermodynamics. Of particular interest is the use of supercritical carbon dioxide and supercritical water as environmentally benign solvents for extractions separations and reactions. Current research projects investigate the solvent effect on reactions in supercritical fluids use of spectroscopy and integral equation theory to determine the local environment around dissolved solutes and measurement and modeling of high pressure phase behavior. Her group is also interested in experimental and theoretical studies of preferential solvation in liquid mixtures.Michael Warhurst has worked for Friends of the Earth as a Safer Chemicals Campaigner since 1997 and his work focuses on chemicals policy in the EU and UK and on the science of the health and environmental effects of chemicals. Dr Warhurst has a Degree in Biochemistry from the University of York a PhD in the breakdown of chemicals by bacteria from the University of Glasgow and an MSc in Environmental Chemistry from the University of Edinburgh. From April 2002 Dr Warhurst will be working in Green Chemistry February 2002 G7 NEWS & V I E W S Walter Leitner has since 1998 been supervisor of the central high pressure and large scale synthesis facilities of the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung. Since April 2000 acting director of the Lehrstuhl for Chemie and Petrochemie at the RWTH Aachen.His interests are Green Chemistry February 2002 mechanisms and models in homogenous catalysis; oganometallic compounds as selective reagents and catalysts; CO2-activation; and catalysis in supercritical CO2. Paul Anastas serves in the National Security and International Activities Division in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. His responsibilities include furthering the science and technology relationship between the U.S. and China. In addition to bilateral international activities Dr. Anastas is responsible for furthering international public-private cooperation in areas of science for sustainability such as green chemistry.In the area of international water science and technology Dr. Anastas coordinates the inter-agency working group to identify areas of cross-agency collaboration. Prior to coming to OSTP in October of 1999 Dr. Anastas served as the Chief of the Industrial Chemistry Branch of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency since 1989. During that period he was responsible for regulatory review of industrial chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act and the development of rules policy and G8 Brussels for WWF as Senior EU Toxics Policy Officer continuing his involvement in EU chemicals policy. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 guidance. In 1991 he established the industry-government-university partnership Green Chemistry Program which was expanded to include basic research and the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards.Prior to joining the U.S. EPA he worked as an industrial consultant to the chemical industry in the development of analytical and synthetic chemical methodologies. Dr. Anastas is the author/editor of nine scientific and technical books including Green Chemistry Theory and Practice which has been translated into five languages. He currently is a visiting Professor in the Chemistry Department at the University of Nottingham U.K. and serves on the editorial board of the journal Environmental Science and Technology. Dr. Anastas received his M.A. and Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Brandeis University and his B.S.in Chemistry from the University of Massachusetts at Boston. Mark Harmer works at DuPont Central Research & Development at Wilmington DE USA. His interests include fluoropolymer nanocomposites and related materials. Highlights Fluorous phase-soluble catalysts The development of fluorous phase-soluble catalysts is vital if the potential of fluorous biphasic solvent systems is to be realised. Reports of novel Mn–salen catalysts with fluorous phase solubility and excellent activity/selectivity have been reported by the group led by Gianluca Pozzi at the CNR centre in Milan Italy and the University of Milan (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001 4639). They have attached various p-aryl groups containing fluorous ponytails to “classical” Mn–salen complexes in order to design active and selective catalysts for epoxidation reactions.Activity was good and selectivity was in the best cases equivalent to conventional systems. Reuse was also relatively good and better than resin-bound Mn–salen systems. Addition of amines to alkynes The addition of amines to alkynes represents a 100% atom efficient reaction. This can be achieved by Cp2TiMe2 catalysts but only after prolonged reaction times often requiring a few days. Igor Bytschkov and Sven Doye of the University of Hannover Germany have now shown that microwave heating can dramatically reduce the time required and give excellent yields of addition product (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2001 4411). They have This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 Oxidations A metal-free oxidation system based on polymer-supported high-valent iodine complexes has been reported by Joerg Rademann and colleagues from the University of Tuebingen Germany and Schering in Berlin (Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. 2001 40 4395). Crosslinked polystyrene functionalised with chloromethyl groups was functionalised with an iodine(v) reagent which was NEWS & V I E W S found that using microwaves that the reaction time could be reduced to 3 hours. A wide range of substrates can be efficiently converted in this manner. Addition of acyl radicals to alkenes N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) has been reported as a metal-free oxidation promoter capable of promoting aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons.Now Yasutaka Ishii and co-workers from Kansai University in Osaka Japan have shown that it can also function as a polarity reversal catalyst in the addition of acyl radicals to alkenes (Chem. Commun. 2001 2352). Their system effects the addition of aldehydes to alkenes by hydrogen abstraction radical addition and then return of the hydrogen from the reduced NHPI. Dibenzoyl peroxide was used as initiator to oxidise the NHPI and kick off the chain reaction. Good yields were obtained for a variety of additions. then used to oxidise a range of alcohols to aldehydes in excellent yields. An unsaturated carbamate was cyclised. The supported reagent could be recycled readily using tetrabutylammonium oxone.A second method for the oxidation of alcohols has been reported by Ronny Neumann and co-workers at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel in collaboration with DSM Research in the Netherlands (J. Org. Chem. 2001 66 8650). Their system involves the combination of TEMPO and a polyoxometallate as a catalytic system for the aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols. Excellent yields and selectivities are obtained for a range of primary and secondary alcohols without overoxidation to acid. Water is the only by-product. An alternative approach to alcohol oxidation has been reported by Steven Suib and colleagues at the University of Connecticut USA (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001 40 4280). They have shown that octahedral molecular sieves can be produced in a simple reaction between potassium permanganate and manganese sulfate.These materials when the potassium ions are partly replaced by protons can catalyse the oxidation of Green Chemistry February 2002 G9 NEWS & V I E W S alcohols using air as oxidant. Yields for a range of alcohols were excellent with even sensitive alcohols being efficiently converted. Renewable resources The group led by Hans Schaefer at the University of Muenster Germany has now described novel domino reactions of trimethyl aconitate a renewable resource from sugar molasses or citric acid (Angew. Chem Int. Ed. 2001 40 4212). They have shown that the reaction of trimethyl aconitate with imines proceeds via a sequence of reactions to give dihydropyrrolones structures common in natural products.Yields are reasonable and reaction conditions are mild allowing the construction of an important class of compounds in one step with the generation of minimal quantities of waste. Aurora Ruiz and colleagues from the for hydrogenation reactions (J. Org. Chem. 2001 66 8364). The ligands are available via a two-step reaction and are mixed phosphine–phosphite systems. These are used to coordinate Rh and the resultant complex gives very good enantioselectivities in the hydrogenation of methyl acetamidoacrylate and similar substrates. Green Chemistry February 2002 G10 Membrane reactors The use of membrane reactors allows various possibilities for continuous reactions with inherent separation of catalysts.Leo van den Broeke and his group at the Technical University of Eindhoven The Netherlands have developed a silica membrane reactor for continuous reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001 40 4473). They used a microporous membrane to allow hydrogenation of butene with hydrogen to occur with the reaction products (butane) being able to pass through the membrane while the bulkier (homogeneous) catalyst was held up in the reactor. Macrocycle synthesis is often plagued by low yields and often requires inconvenient reaction protocols to achieve reasonable selectivity. Dimitrios Petridis and colleagues from the Institute of Materials Science in Athens Greece have published details of a simple solution to this problem for one class of compounds (Angew.Chem. Int. Ed. 2001 40 4286). They used the self-assembly of diamines inside a clay to set up a system whereby adjacent diamines could be acylated at both ends to give a macrocyclic tetraamide. The yields obtained were 60% with homogeneous conditions giving different products. Nucleophilic addition Macrocycle synthesis Ionic liquids Universitat Rovili I Virgili in Tarragona Spain have developed chiral ligands based on d-xylose which are excellent Addition reactions lie at the heart of clean synthetic methodology. Barry Trost This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 and Chunhoi Jiang at Stanford University USA have now applied such a reaction type to the formation of quaternary centres (J.Amer. Chem. Soc. 2001 123 12907). Pushing the addition of nucleophiles to vinyl epoxides away from the generally favoured 1,4-addition towards a 1,2-addition will achieve this goal. While this can be done with H-bonding nucleophiles such as alcohols and amines this paper is the first example of the use of a C-centred nucleophile in this reaction. Both beta-ketoesters and nitromethane were found to react efficiently in this way under Pd catalysis. Ionic liquids continue to attract attention as solvents for Friedel–Crafts reactions. Manikrao Salunkhe and co-workers at the Institute of Science in Mumbai India have shown that sulfonylations can be readily achieved under very mild conditions (J.Org. Chem. 2001 66 8616). They have found that the reaction proceeds very readily in chloroaluminate ionic liquids giving very good yields in short reaction times. They have also provided some interesting insights into the chemistry occurring under reaction conditions using in-situ 27Al NMR techniques. It is nor clear whether the ionic liquid was recycled. A second paper describes improvements to ionic liquid preparation which enhances their ability to promote lipase-catalysed reactions to occur. Seongsoon Park and Romas Kaslauskas of McGill University in Montreal Canada have shown that washing ionic liquids with sodium carbonate significantly enhances the activity of lipases in ionic liquids (J.Org. Chem. 2001 66 8395). They attribute this enhancement to the removal of acidic impurities or to the removal of traces of silver anion left over from metathesis reactions. With these improvements they have shown that lipases will catalyse reactions very efficiently allowing these reaction to occur in much more polar media than before. Polyamino acids are promising catalysts for various reaction types. In particular the use of polyleucines has been shown to be effective catalysts for the enantioselective epoxidation of enones. Stan Roberts and colleagues at the Solvent-free reactions Colin Raston (University of Leeds UK) and Gareth Cave (Monash University Australia) describe a solventless route to pyridines (J.Chem. Soc. Perkin 1 2001 Permanganate green? Mini reviews Polyamino acid catalysts Carbonylations • Yolande de Miguel et al. describe recent developments in supported catalysts in synthetic organic chemistry (J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 2001 3085). • Plato Magriotis discusses the first catalytic routes to beta lactams in a short review article in Angew Chem. Int Ed. 2001 40 4377. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 NEWS & V I E W S University of Liverpool UK have now shown that poly(b-leucine) is an efficient catalyst for the epoxidation of chalcone under heterogeneous conditions (Chem. Commun. 2001 2330). While the new catalysts are no better than the best of the existing polyleucine catalysts the structure activity relationships described may prove beneficial to developing newer better systems.3258). This route revolves around the efficient tandem aldol reaction between a benzaldehyde and a ketone followed by a subsequent Michael reaction with a second ketone in solvent-free conditions. The resultant diketone can then be condensed with ammonium acetate in acetic acid to give a range of pyridines. Palladium catalysed carbonylations are useful routes to a range of aromatic esters and acids. Yves Bessard and co-workers at the Department of Process Research at Lonza in Visp Switzerland have published their results on a process for the alkoxycarbonylation of chloropyridines (Org.Proc. R+D 2001 5 572). They give details of their work aimed at developing such reactions for the preparation of intermediates for agrochemicals. They show that such reactions can be used successfully and give details of reactions carried out at > 100-g scale. Potassium permanganate is not often thought of as green. However an article by Nirmal Singh and Donald Lee of the Carus Chemical Company USA and the University of Regina Canada claims just that (Org. Proc. R+D 2001 5 599). They describe recent advances in the oxidation chemistry of potassium permanganate and crucially the development of a recycling method for the waste manganese dioxide as well as a scheme for the return of the MnO2 or on-site regeneration. This scheme is currently recycling several million pounds of waste MnO2 annually.• H Groeger (Chem Eur J. 2001 7 5246) details advances in the development of utilisation of a series of chiral catalysts containing both Lewis basic sites and Lewis acidic sites for coordination / activation. • Claudio Palomo et al. describe progress in the Aldol addition reaction with significant focus of atom economy and environmental aspects (Chem. Eur J. 2002 8 36). Green Chemistry February 2002 G11 Green Chemistry Network 3 years old Mike Lancaster Director of the Green Chemistry Network describes progress since the launch especially the growth in international membership The UK Green Chemistry Network (GCN) sponsored by the Royal Society of Chemistry reached its third birthday towards the end of 2001.The membership of the GCN has greatly expanded during this time growing from a handful of UK-based academics to over 500 members spread across the globe. It has been particularly encouraging to see the non-UK membership grow to the extent that 50% of (now over 500) members now reside outside the UK. This is a clear indication of the worldwide recognition of green chemistry and its importance to the chemical industry and beyond. The other interesting and welcome statistic regarding membership is the growth in members from industry. Although over the last three years some industrialists have needed to be convinced of the aims and motives behind the green chemistry movement there is now wide acceptance.Green Chemistry February 2002 G12 In the UK this is amply exemplified by industrial membership of the Government-funded CRYSTAL Faraday partnership for A Greener Chemical Industry. Whilst the number of individual company members and those associated through other network-type organisations exceeds academic institution members it is noteworthy that the main trade association the Chemical Industries Association is heavily committed to the Partnership. Last year saw the first residential course run by the GCN. The three-day intensive course on Development of Sustainable Chemical Products & Processes proved very popular with the pharmaceutical sector and highlighted the importance now placed on waste minimization at source by this sector.In general the last two years has seen a very large growth in the number of courses available with a significant green chemistry or green technology element. Not least in this respect is the growing number of universities (in the UK and elsewhere) that now either have specific green chemistry modules or teach the principles as an underlying theme throughout the undergraduate course. As a consequence of this the availability of resource material is rapidly improving. A recent OECD / IUPAC workshop on Green Chemistry Education held in Venice set about trying to identify resource material currently available. Whilst not claiming to be comprehensive the working party had no difficulty in identifying several pages of material ranging from books and lecture courses on the web to tried and tested laboratory experiments. A full list of the resources identified can be found at http:// helios.unive.it/inca/iupac.workshop/. Whilst the GCN has a growing and dedicated membership from developing nations there is an urgent need for both educational resources and technology solutions to help ensure these countries avoid some of the past ‘environmental’ pitfalls experienced by the developing chemical industry in the west. One of the services the GCN offers to members is a helpdesk in which we help identify potential solutions to specific challenges or at least point people in the right direction. Overwhelmingly requests to the help desk come from members in the developing nations. There is a real requirement and thirst for information on new technology best practice and educational material. We do our bit to help but there is a real need for an organised concerted effort to make resource material and information on latest technology available. This is obviously a costly undertaking particularly if translation of material is involved but the urgent need to start was again recognised at the Venice conference. For more information about the GCN and its activities see http://www.chemsoc.org/gcn This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2002 NEWS & V I E W S

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/b200266n

出版商:RSC    

年代:2002

数据来源: RSC