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C G Editorial In the last issue of Green Chemistry I highlighted the growing importance of renewable resources as feedstocks for the chemical industry in the 21st century. The area is not only vital to the long-term survival of chemical manufacturing but also provides new and stimulating challenges for chemical research. Renewable resources will impinge on many future issues in environmental chemistry and we can also expect the same of chemical and process engineering including novel techniques. The successful development of many new and exciting research areas in green chemistry will require a substantial input from engineers. This is especially true when fundamentally new chemical reaction systems and methods are involved. The application of unusual solvent systems such as those based on highly volatile supercritical fluids or extremely involatile ionic liquids to the synthesis of fine chemicals for example will require unconventional reactor systems.Even the translation of technologies from one sector to another will necessitate a reconsideration of traditional plant. Thus while the petrochemical sector now regards the use of solid catalysts as the norm manufacturers of fine and speciality chemicals are more familiar with homogeneous systems. The use of a simple stirred vessel for mixing reactants and a solid catalyst may often be a greener alternative to existing processes but it presents significant difficulties at the separation stage and alternative reactor designs need to be considered. We should not assume that the role of chemical and process engineers is always to respond to a challenge which results from new chemistry.Engineers can also take the lead as is witnessed for example in the drive towards intensive processing. Here a completely different way of thinking about chemical manufacturing is leading to the design of imaginative new reactors and the chemists now need to develop suitable new chemistry to complete the clean process equation. Collaboration between engineers and chemists is also necessary to help progress some of the alternative techniques that are now quite routinely being applied to help clean up chemical syntheses. Microwave heating of organic reaction systems for example can offer savings in reaction time and energy consumption as well as improvements in selectivity through quicker and more focussed heating.In this issue of Green Chemistry we can read about another useful technique in the armoury of the green chemist sonochemistry. This non-hazardous radiation can be applied to a very wide range of reactions and its use can lead to significant improvements in reaction selectivity and product yield. There are many challenges ahead for green chemistry and it is very important that the chemists and the engineers work together towards their solutions. It is encouraging to see initiatives in the UK and elsewhere to promote Chemistry–Chemical Engineering partnerships. We must work hard to foster and encourage them. I hope to see an increasing number of articles from these partnerships in future issues of Green Chemistry.Regular readers of Green Chemistry will be pleased to read that I do not intend to write every editorial! We are now working on a schedule which will enable the journal to feature editorial articles from other members of the editorial board and from ‘guests’ who are key players in the world of green chemistry. There is little doubt that green chemistry is now a global phenomenon. As I prepare for a trip to Japan following in Green Chemistry June 1999 G53 Green Chemistry the footsteps of Paul Anastas Ken Seddon is heading for China. I am delighted to hear of the development of green chemistry in Australia and I was encouraged on a recent trip to Israel by the determination of the Ministry of the Environment to implement green chemistry practices in their chemical manufacturing. The first Italian awards for green chemistry have recently been announced and the European Vth framework for research with a strong emphasis on ‘green’ chemistry is now fully launched. We can also look forward to significant conferences and other meetings on aspects of green chemistry in France China Italy the UK and the USA. Of course the USA is where green chemistry was born and so it seems particularly appropriate that our US Associate Editor will write the Editorial for the next issue of Green Chemistry. James Clark York May 1999 C G G54 Green Chemistry June 1999

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g53

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

stocks now and in the future. The programme includes papers on Oilseed rape As a source of diesel Oilseed rape could supply 10% of the UK's diesel requirements by 2020 if the tax on its purchase was reduced to 10% of that on fossil-sourced diesel. Its use could be increased by blending it into fossil diesel as is the practice in France and Sweden. Biodiesel is cleaner than fossil-diesel its carbon dioxide emissions are balanced by its fixation in the plant and it requires no added sulfur lubricant (British Association for Bio Fuels and Oils Report) (Crops 1999 17 10). As a provider of renewable industrial feedstocks ACTIN the Alternative Crops Technology Interaction Network is running a seminar entitled ‘The Oilseed Rape Pipeline’ at the Manchester Conference Centre UK on June 8 1999 to illustrate the potential of oilseed rape as a provider of renewable industrial feed- C G N E W S l Oilseed rape–the crop its origins and potentials l Novel fatty acids from oilseed rape l Rapeseed oil as a chemical feedstock l The economic viability of the oilseed rape pipeline l The needs of the oleochemical industry l Composites and plastics from oilseed rape meal l Rapeseed as a source of polyurethanes l Sourcing erucic acid l Vegetable oil-based lubricants and hydraulic fluids Further information can be obtained from Louise Wilkinson on the ACTIN help desk [Tel +44 (0)1372 802054; Fax +44 (0)1372 802245; Email info@actin.co.uk; http://www.actin.co.uk/about_actin/actin 2020/2020d_osr.htm] Green Chemistry June 1999 G55 N E W S C G Methyl bromide lives on Phaseout delay Both the USA and the EC have decided not to implement their earlier decision to bring forward the phaseout for methyl bromide use from the original 2005 date scheduled by the Montreal Protocol (Green Chemistry 1999 1 G5).This is a recognition of the fact that acceptable alternatives are difficult to find. It is also evident that despite its toxicity it has been used for 50 years with a very good safety record because of its carefully controlled use. A large reduction in its escape into the atmosphere through effective methods of capture after use could greatly reduce its threat to the environment. The EC has also stated that the exemptions for the fumigation of goods in quarantine for preshipment will not be removed.All signatories to the Montreal Protocol have already agreed to a 50% reduction in the MTBE phase-out in California On 25 March 1999 California Governor Gray Davis issued an Executive Order ‘for the removal of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) from gasoline in California at the earliest possible date but not later than 31 December 2002’. MTBE has been used since the late 1970s in relatively low concentrations to increase octane ratings in premium grade fuels and since the early 1990s in much higher concentrations (up to 15%) to enhance gasoline combustion and reduce tailpipe emissions; MTBE has thus contributed to significant reductions in carbon monoxide and ozone levels.There has however been increasing concern about groundwater and surface water contamination with MTBE which the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified as a potential human carcinogen. The domestic fuel ethanol industry is prepared to step in immediately and provide a safe alternative while maintaining the clean air benefits of oxygenated gasoline use in the state. The most likely scenario would suggest refiners will replace MTBE with ethanol in northern California immediately and in southern California beginning in September 1999 when the VOC control season ends. This would eliminate the need for significant refinery modifications in the short term.In the longer term refiners could phase in the use of ethanol in the summer months through refinery modifications allowing for the production of appropriate blendstocks. The California Department of Food and Agriculture has concluded that with existing supplies of rice straw forest residue and other agricultural waste products there is the potential for 2 bn gallons of ethanol production in California alone about four times the amount of ethanol required to meet all of California's oxygenate demand in the absence of MTBE. A recent California Energy Commission concluded ethanol is the most cost effective alternative to MTBE including non-oxygenated fuel and will actually save money for California consumers in the long term.For more information see http://water.wr.usgs.gov/mtbe G56 Green Chemistry June 1999 use of methyl bromide in 2001 (International Pest Control 1999 41 4). Search for alternatives A great deal of effort especially at the US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) is going into the search for methyl bromide alternatives. The following are some of the avenues being explored l cylinderized phosphine l methyl iodide l benzaldehyde l chitinase l genetic manipulation of nematode genes to obviate the need for any chemical alternatives The use of plastic sheeting to cover crops before fumigation with methyl bromide is also being explored as a means of reducing the fumigant escaping into the atmosphere to minimum levels.For further information on the methyl bromide phaseout and the search for alternatives see Pesticide Outlook 9(1) 4; 10(2) 5 and the USDA ARS Methyl Bromide Website at http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/mb/ mebrweb.htm. Propyl bromide under threat too? The EPA is considering adding n-propyl bromide (1-bromopropane) to its list of substances covered by the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) under the Clean Air Act which aims to phase out ozone-depleting substances and replace them with safer alternatives. n-Propyl bromide is used in aerosols adhesives coatings and solvents. The EPA may also set a limit in the range of 50-100 ppm for workplace exposure. Toxicity studies and further consideration of the damage to the environment are underway (Chemical Market Reporter March 15 1999).All cars to be green? The EU is considering legislation that would require the automotive industry to manufacture vehicles containing only 5% virgin material and at least 95% from recycled materials by 2015. Safer disposal would also be another requirement of the legislation and demands may also be placed on the quantities of toxic materials used during vehicle construction. In Europe 8M cars per year are sent for scrap to give 9M tonnes of waste which is 75% recycled with the remainder mainly going to landfill or incineration (European Chemical News 1999 70 26). Green pressuresensitive tapes Pressure-sensitive tapes are becoming increasingly popular due to their ease of use and lower end user costs when compared to other bonding systems.100% solids radiation-cured adhesive systems are now taking over from solvent or waterborne coatings enabling fast line speeds and little or no solvent emissions. Such new technology will help the industry to meet stricter legislation such as the EPAs maximum achievable control technology standard that will require major modification to many of industry’s emission systems (Adhesives Age 1999 42 16). Waste not want not A new ammonium thiosulfate plant will use as its raw material sulfur- and ammonia-rich effluents from a refinery. Ammonium thiosulfate is used as a fertilizer. The plant will be built by Haldor Topsoe Engineering under contract to Statoil near Copenhagan.The volume of these effluents is increasing due to ever-increasing requirements for desulfurised fuels. By using these effluents the environmental damage caused by the SOx and NOx emissions resulting from their incineration will be avoided. The plant will use a new Topsoe process and will benefit from a Danish Government grant of DKr 12M. Persistant organic pollutants In February 1997 the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) adopted Decision 19/13C to promote measures to reduce and/or eliminate releases of persistent organic pollutants known to cause serious adverse effects to humans even at very low doses. The decision called on UNEP to convene an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) to prepare an internationally binding instrument aimed at minimising POPs.The negotiations began with a meeting of representatives of over 100 governments in Montreal in June/July 1998. The Montreal talks (INC-1) focuses on twelve POPs aldrin chlordane DDT dieldrin ICI’s safety health and environment strategy ICI’s safety health and environment strategy is supported by beliefs including the following l an injury and illness-free workplace can be achieved l all losses of containment can be prevented l performance is directly related to the levels of ownership l ICI’s market performance will mirror its product stewardship The company believes that by building sustainability into its business strategy it will achieve competitive advantage.It has already gained advantage from the shift from solvent-based paints to waterbased solvents. It produces these to high quality with no or greatly reduced levels of volatile organic compounds. ICI is a founder member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and it believes that it should be accountable to anyone with a legitimate interest in how it runs its business. ICI has reported that its total waste volume is down by 15% compared to 1995 while over the same period production has increased by about 4%. Individual improvements include that of ICI polyurethane at its Dutch site where in a collaboration with Akzo they have reduced the site’s emissions of carbon monoxide by 75%.Akzo takes an ICI by-product and combines it with excess carbon monoxide which used to be released to the atmosphere for use in its ethylene dichloride process. dioxins endrin furans heptachlor hexachlorobenzene mirex PCBs and toxaphene. Significant progress was made at the INC-2 meeting held in Nairobi Kenya in February 1999 and an agreement is hoped for by 2000. The next meeting will be held in autumn 1999 (Chemical Market Reporter February 22 1999). For more information see the POPs Homepage at http://irptc.unep.ch/pops/ or contact the UNEP Chemicals/POPs Team Chemin des Anemones CH-1219 Chatelaine Geneva Switzerland (Tel +41 22 979 9190 or 9171; FAX +41 22 797 3460; email pops@unep.ch).Halons While the emissions of most ozonedepleting chemicals have stabilised or been reduced since 1988 the levels of Halon-1211 are increasing reports the CSIRO in Australia. Measurements of this halon which is used as a fire retardant over Tasmania show that it is increasing by 200 tonnes per year. The CSIRO are claiming that it is now responsible for 20% of worldwide ozone depletion. China produces 90% of the world’s output of Halon-1211 and they along with other developing countries have until 2010 to phase out halons (European Chemical News 1999 70 24; Chemische Rundschau 1999 52 10). On December 21 1998 the European Halon extinguisher C G N E W S Council of Ministers agreed on a proposal of regulations on the use and production of ozone depleting chemicals (ODSs). The proposal would go beyond the requirements of the Montreal Protocol including a ban on the sale and use of halons after December 31 2002 (except for critical uses) with mandatory decommissioning a year later and import/export restrictions. The proposal is expected to be voted on by the European Parliament sometime this summer. For more information on halon alternatives see the web sites of the Halon Alternatives Research Corporation (http://www.harc.org/) and the UNEP Halons Technical Options Committee (http://www.teap.org/html/halons.html) and links therein. New low-waste chloroalkali plants Kvaerner Chemetics are to build two new low-waste chloroalkali plants for Orica in Australia. The plants will produce sodium hydroxide and chlorine. The Kvaerner processes will include recently patented technology to reduce waste discharges. (European Chemical News 1999 70 29). Green Chemistry June 1999 G57

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g55

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

F EAT U R E C G QUILL rewrites the future of industrial solvents Professor Ken Seddon of Queen's University Belfast and a co-director of QUILL reports on a successful collaboration (http://questor.qub.ac.uk/) which was set up in 1989 and won the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education in 1996. Like QUESTOR the new centre is based on the National Science Foundation's Industry– University Cooperative Research Centre (IUCRC) model. There are seventeen founder industrial members of the QUILL consortium and these are (in alphabetical order) l Biopolymer Engineering (US)– Dr Doug Van Thorre in the area of ionic solvents An industry–university collaborative research centre focussing on ionic liquids was officially launched at the Queen's University of Belfast (QUB) Northern Ireland at 12:30 pm on 20th April 1999.Known by the acronym QUILL (Queen's University Ionic Liquid Laboratories) this novel Research Centre is the first to focus on ionic liquids in the world. Its structure is based on the successful QUESTOR (Queen's University Environmental Science and Technology Research) Centre ABOVE QUILL Industrial Advisory Board members (holding membership certificates) and QUILL directors with Professor Hogg (Pro-Vice-Chancellor of QUB; centre front. ABOVE RIGHT Prof. Brian Hogg (QUB Pro-Vice-Chancellor for research) presenting Dr. David Moody (Zeneca) with his QUILL membership certificate. G58 Green Chemistry June 1999 QUILL has earlier associations with Northern Ireland this magazine was written ‘by Ulster men and women for the people of Ulster’ l BNFL (GB)–Dr Rob Thied l BP Amoco (GB)–Dr Martin Atkins l ChemVite (NI)–Mr Ted Wilson l Chevron (US)–Dr Tom Harris l DuPont (NI)–Mr Jim Wray l Elementis (GB)–Dr Roy Laundon l Exxon (US)–Dr Christian Mehnert l ICI (UK)–Dr Andrew Burgess l Merck (UK)–Dr Martin Pellatt l Sachem (US)–Dr Roger Moulton l Sasol (SA)–Dr Hein Strauss l Schering Plough (I)–Dr Brian Brady l SmithKlein Beecham (UK)– Dr Alan Curzons l Solvay (B)–Dr Hans Meyer l UOP (US)–Dr Paul Barger l Zeneca (GB)–Dr David Moody The chairman of the Industrial Advisory Board is Dr.David Moody of Zeneca who took over the chairmanship of the Shadow Board from Dr.Graham Hutson (BNFL). The Centre’s co-directors are Prof. Jim Swindall OBE (who also is director of QUESTOR) and Prof. Ken Seddon (who is an EPSRC and Royal Academy of Engineering Clean Technology Fellow). Dr. Sarah Thompson (neé Boyle; EPSRC Clean Synthesis Fellow) with an autoclave for preparing ionic liquids So what are ionic liquids and what have they to do with green chemistry? Clean technology concerns the reduction of waste from an industrial chemical process to a minimum it requires the rethinking and redesign of many current chemical processes. As defined by Roger Sheldon the E-factor of a process is the ratio (by weight) of the by-products to the desired product(s).1 Industry Production E-factor /tons p.a.0.1 106 – 108 Oil Refining 1–5 Bulk Chemicals 104 – 106 5–50 Fine Chemicals 102 – 104 25–100 Pharmaceuticals 101 – 103 The Table illustrates that the 'dirty' end of the chemical industry oil refining and bulk chemicals is remarkably waste conscious it is the fine chemicals and pharmaceutical companies which are using inefficient dirty processes albeit on a much smaller scale. Volatile organic solvents are the normal media for the industrial synthesis of organics (petrochemical and pharmaceutical) with a current worldwide usage of ca. £4 billion p.a. However the Montreal Protocol has resulted in a compelling need to re-evaluate many chemical processes that have proved otherwise satisfactory for much of this century. There are four main alternative strategies l solvent-free synthesis l use of water as a solvent l use of supercritical fluids as solvents l use of ionic liquids as solvents It is the purpose of QUILL to explore the last of these options to allow it to be evaluated against the other strategies and to demonstrate its viability for commercial development in all sectors of the chemical industry.Thus the principal aim of the QUILL programme must be to explore develop and understand the role of ionic liquids as media for industrially relevant chemistry and to provide all the physical and chemical engineering data necessary in order to facilitate the design and operation of a pilot plant. Ionic liquids possess inter alia the following desirable properties l they have a liquid range of 300 °C allowing tremendous kinetic control l they are outstandingly good solvents for a wide range of inorganic organic and polymeric materials–high solubility implies small reactor volumes l they exhibit Brønsted Lewis and Franklin acidity as well as superacidity2 l they have no effective vapour pressure l they range from hydrophobic to hydrophilic from water-sensitive to air-stable l they are thermally stable up to 200 °C l they are relatively cheap and easy to prepare3-5 Unlike water and other hydroxylic solvents they will dissolve a wide range of organic molecules exploratory work in our own laboratories (carried out in collaboration with BP Chemicals and Unilever) has demonstrated that a wide range of catalysed organic reactions (including oligomerizations polymerizations alkylations and acylations) occur in room-temperature ionic liquids and that these are serious candidates for commercial processes.The reactions we have observed represent the tip of an iceberg–all the indications are that room-temperature ionic liquids are the basis of a new industrial technology. They are truly designer solvents. Examples of industrial relevance which have been developed over the past few years at Belfast include C G F E AT U R E l Synthesis of poly(isobutene)2 l Friedel–Crafts chemistry7 l N- and O- alkylations8 l Diels–Alder chemistry9 l Isomerisation of fatty acids and esters 10,11 l Nuclear fuel reprocessing12,13 To meet the synthetic challenges and comprehensive characterisation programmes QUB is building a new suite of laboratories for QUILL including state-of-the-art handling facilities.A team of at least ten researchers (comprising of postdoctoral fellows technicians and graduate students) will start work in October 1999 on a four-year programme. The end result should be a generic ionic liquids database and feasibility studies to enable the construction of at least two pilot plants. References 1 R. A. Sheldon in Precision process technology Perspectives for pollution prevention eds. M. P. C. Weijnen and A. A. H. Drinkenburg Kluwer Dordrecht 1993 pp. 125. 2 G.P. Smith A. S. Dworkin R. M. Pagni and S. P. Zingg J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989 111 525. 3 K. R. Seddon J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997 68 351. 4 M. Freemantle Chem. Eng. News 1998 76 (30 March) 32. 5 M. Freemantle Chem. Eng. News 1999 77 (4th January) 23. 6 A. K. Abdul-Sada M. P. Atkins B. Ellis P. K. G. Hodgson M. L. M. Morgan and K. R. Seddon World Pat. WO 95 21806 1995. 7 C. J. Adams M. J. Earle G. Roberts and K. R. Seddon Chem. Commun. 1998 2097. 8 M. J. Earle P. B. McCormac and K. R. Seddon Chem. Commun. 1998 2245. 9 M. J. Earle P. B. McCormac and K. R. Seddon Green Chem. 1999 1 23. 10 G. Roberts C. M. Lok C. J. Adams K. R. Seddon M. J. Earle and J. Hamill World Pat. WO 98 07679 1998. 11 G. Roberts C. M. Lok C. J. Adams K. R. Seddon M. J. Earle and J. Hamill World Pat. WO 98 07680 1998. 12 M. Fields R. C. Thied K. R. Seddon W. R. Pitner and D.W. Rooney World Pat. WO 99 14160 1999. 13 C. M. Gordon M. Fields G. V. Hutson and K. R. Seddon World Pat. WO 98 06106 1998. Green Chemistry June 1999 G59

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g58

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

FOR U M C G Chemical Educational Foundation—a network of resources Searching for educational materials on the safe handling of chemicals? The Chemical Educational Foundation a non-profit organization located in Arlington VA USA provides various publications videos and programs on chemical product stewardship targeted toward school children chemical companies and their customers emergency responders universities and the general public. The CEF’s mission is to ‘serve the public interest as a primary national resource for conducting research and educational programmes on proper distribution practices for the safe handling storage and transportation of chemical products’. Many of the Foundation’s materials are free and can be downloaded from their web site (http://www.chemed.org) What is chemical product stewardship? Chemical product stewardship is a management practice many chemical companies follow to ensure that health safety and environmental protection becomes a part of a chemical product’s life cycle.Product stewardship should be carried out in every stage when designing manufacturing marketing distributing using recycling and disposing of chemical products. The Chemical Educational Foundation (CEF) began promoting chemical product stewardship activities when it was founded in 1992 by the National Association of Chemical Distributors (NACD). The Foundation was established to raise industry customer and community awareness about the safe handling of chemicals.The Foundation utilized the NACD chemical distributor members’ vast network of 750,000 customers and communities to communicate this important message and distribute educational materials. Six years later the Foundation now reaches hundreds of thousands of businesses and several million individuals with the message of chemical product stewardship –a shared responsibility for everyone to safely handle chemicals. The Foundation’s successful outreach is attributed to the dedication of many chemical distributor and manufacturer Foundation sponsors. Other supporters of CEF including the National Association of Chemical Distributors Chemical Manufacturers Association the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association and the National Paint and Coatings Association have also helped the Foundation fulfill its mission.For more information contact The Chemical Educational Foundation 1560 Wilson Boulevard Suite 1250 Arlington VA 22209 USA. Tel. +1 703 527 6223; Fax +1 703 527 7747 or visit the Web (http://www.chemed.org) to find more information about l You Be the Chemist Kits– two interactive educational curriculums one designed for K-3 and the other for 4–6 graders teach students about chemistry and the safe handling of chemicals. Nearly 20,000 Kits have been distributed to schools with a total outreach estimated at nearly 1.5 million New educational tools to teach school children about safe handling of chemicals and product stewardship G60 Green Chemistry June 1999 The 1999 Vanguard Awards The Chemical Educational Foundation in the USA has announced the recipients of the 1999 Vanguard Awards.These are G. S. Robins President G. S. Robins and Company and Past-President of the National Association of Chemical Distributors (NACD) and A. W. Tamarelli Chairman and CEO of Dock Resins Corporation and former Chairman of the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturers Association (SOCMA). The award winners have been chosen for their efforts to nurture product stewardship relationships across all industries and communities served by the chemical industry. The Chemical Product Stewardship Awards finalists are in the three categories of Manufacturer Award Distributor Award (in two categories of below and above annual sales of $25 million) and Community Award.The Vanguard Awards were presented and the Chemical Product Stewardship Award winners and Honourable Mentions announced at the Chemical Educational Foundation’s banquet on 12 May 1999 in Washington DC. students teachers and parents. The new K-3 Kit was first shown at the National Science Teachers Association’s National Convention at Boston in March 1999. l Product Stewardship Bulletins– quarterly issues highlighting topics of interest to the chemical industry and the public. More than 1.2 million copies of the bulletins have been distributed to date. The Bulletins address many issues including chemicals in your home home chemical safety and emergency procedures and EPA’s Risk Management Program (RMP).l The HAZMAT Training and Regulatory Awareness Program– a self-taught training program on DOT OSHA and EPA federal regulations. The CEF Regulatory Update Service provides subscribers with current updates on EPA OSHA and DOT regulations affecting the chemical industry. l National Chemical Product Stewardship Week (1-7 November 1999)–this week is concurrent with the American Chemical Society’s National Chemistry Week. During this week chemical companies visit local schools or invite schools to tour their facilities so children parents and teachers learn more about how chemical companies handle chemicals and how chemicals effect our everyday lives.European Solvents Stewardship award The first European Solvents Stewardship award has been won by Irish pharmaceuticals producer Irotec Laboratories. The award was presented by the European Solvents Industry Group (ESIG). The runners-up were Sun Chemicals (UK) and Hoogovens European Coil Coating Association (The Netherlands). Irotec produce bulk pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in Cork and its production capacity was almost doubled recently with the construction of a new multiproduct production plant. In 1997 the company added three new tanks to store solvents and a solvent waste tank to its existing tank farm. This allows solvents previously stored in drums to be added directly into the production vessels.Thus solvent handling by operators and emission losses have been reduced. ESIG launched the awards in 1998 so as to promote and share best practice in the use of solvents. ESIG represents the producers of hydrocarbon and oxygenated solvents but not chlorinated solvents. An award scheme will again run for 1999 (European Chemical News 1999 70 32) Factory Watch Friends of the Earth (FOE) has used pollution data published by the Environment Agency to draw up a league table on its web site of Britain’s worst polluters (http://foe.co.uk/factorywatch). Named ‘Factory Watch’ it aims to give people in Britain the chance to find out which major sources of pollution affect them and which factories and companies are responsible.Factory Watch provides comprehensive information on the pollution and health risks from 440 chemicals from over 1500 factories across the country. Users can key in their postcode and find out the nearest ‘filthy factory’ or they can compile league tables of polluters by chemical health hazard or industrial process. FOE claims to have made the first link between pollution data and potential health effects although such links are impossible to prove. It calls for the government to set stricter emission reduction targets to introduce comprehensive pollution inventories and to set up health studies around major sources of pollution. The Environment Agency is now calling for much larger penalties to be imposed to help cut down pollution; F O R UM C G Friends of the Earth in 1998 the average fine for a prosecution was below £3000.Green Chemistry Network The GCN is growing in popularity with our first newsletter being well received and new members joining on a daily basis. One particularly pleasing development is that we are now beginning to receive a number of enquiries from both members and non-members who have problems or issues they wish to discuss with others. Despite our still relatively small database we have be able to advise and put people who would not normally have met in contact with each other. The more information we have the easier it will be to provide this networking resource so please contact us for a registration form. The majority of our members are currently from academia during the next few months we will be focussing our efforts to recruit more people from industry.It is only when green chemistry is put into practice by industry that the environmental economic and social benefits will be seen. In an attempt to Green Chemistry June 1999 G61 C G F O R UM encourage industry to be more open about some of the exciting new green processes now being developed we are in advanced stages of negotiating the introduction of prestigious Green Chemistry Awards for both industry (including SME's) and people in education. We are keen to publicise the good things happening in industry without disclosing any proprietary technology so please get in touch.We are arranging our first GCN postgraduate seminar for 28 September in York. The day will consist of presentations from postgraduates and postdoctoral fellows from local universities on several aspects of Green Chemistry followed by a plenary lecture from a leading expert in the field–in this case Ken Seddon from Queen’s University in Belfast. We hope to organise these seminars all around the UK please let us know if you would like to hold such an event. Mike Lancaster (greennet@york.ac.uk) The National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education (NPPC) The National Pollution Prevention Center for Higher Education (NPPC) is based at the University of Michigan USA and has extensive resources of teaching and research materials for faculty (academic staff).These include case studies resource lists with full texts available on line and compendia on subjects including chemistry chemical engineering industrial ecology environmental studies and sustainable agriculture. The chemistry compendium includes a resource list of educational tools with reference material including numerous articles reports publishers on-line services and the names of individuals and organisations involved in pollution prevention education. Additionally the compendium includes access to a thesis on the Incorporation of Pollution Prevention Principles into Chemical Science Education. This thesis includes a review of the literature on green chemistry and a proposed methodology for chemical life science analyses that can be incorporated into University-level chemistry curricula.For further information contact the National Pollution Prevention Center University of Michigan USA. (http://www.umich.edu/~nppc. pub/resources) G62 Green Chemistry June 1999 Forum to discuss the Royal Commission report on Setting Environmental Standards IChemE the Institute of Chemical Engineers organised an open forum in London on 7th April to discuss the report by the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution on Setting Environmental Standards The Challenge for Industry. The report has called for environmental policies and standards to be informed by rigorous and dispassionate analysis but also by greater sensitivity to people’s values from the earliest stages of defining problems.It concluded that setting a standard is not only a scientific or technical matter but also a practical judgement which has to be made in the light of all relevant factors. The forum sought to cover the following issues l How does this thinking affect industry? l How can scientists contribute most usefully in the regulatory context? l Is there a case for new forms of environmental regulation? l Would more self-regulation deliver better environmental protection at less cost? l How can we develop processes to produce more acceptable and robust decisions reconciling uncertainty and possibly conflicting objectives? l Could life-cycle approaches make environmental standards more effective? l Would greater use of risk analysis make standards more acceptable? The Forum was opened by the Chairman of the Royal Commission on Environ-mental Pollution Sir Tom Blundell.The Director of the Centre for Environmental Strategy at the University of Surrey Professor Roland Clift then gave an outline of the findings of the Commission. Professor David Taylor representing the Chemical Industries Association spoke on what the findings could mean to the process and chemical industries. Finally the Director of the Centre for the Study of Environmental Change at the University of Lancaster Mr Robin Grove-White addressed the social values in terms of what they are and how we should take account of them.There was then an open forum. Grants for new ethanol technologies The US Department of Energy (DOE) awarded $1 M to recipients of its ‘Bridge to the Corn Ethanol Industry’ initiative at the National Conference on Ethanol Policy and Marketing. The DOE initiative is designed to help expand domestic ethanol production by bringing together the established corn ethanol industry with newer technologies that produce ethanol from agricultural and forest wastes and other types of biomass. The cost shared grants awarded through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory are aimed at facilitating the production of ethanol from corn stover which includes the leaves stalks and cobs left over when the corn plant is harvested. The utilization of corn stover will increase the number of economical feedstocks available to ethanol producers. DOE granted $0.126 M to Vogelbusch USA Inc Houston TX and Chief Ethanol Fuels Inc Hastings NE $0.174 M for Purdue Research Foundation West Lafayette IN and Williams Energy Services $0.174 M for Ethanol Pekin IL $0.155 M for Swan Biomass Co Oakbrook Terrace IL and Chippewa Valley Ethanol Co Benson MN $0.193 M for Merrick and Co Aurora CO and High Plains Corp York NE $0.188 M for The New York State Technology Enterprise Corp Rome NY and Robbins Corn & Bulk Services Sackets Harbor NY and $0.181 M for Swan Biomass Co Oakbrook Terrace IL and High Plains Corp Portales NM. Know of any green chemistry activities? If you have any items relating to green chemistry initiatives funding opportunities or regulatory activities which could be included in the ‘Forum’ section of Green Chemistry please send them to James Clark or Duncan Macquarrie [email greenchem@york.ac.uk; Fax +44 (0)1904 434533 or +44 (0)1904 423559].

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g60

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

The significance of green chemistry to specialised organics SMEs Christopher Drew from SORIS claims that the specialised PROCESS Raw material input organics sector is the original ‘green chemistry’ Specialised organic chemical companies are ‘green’ pioneers. Their early roots lie in converting wastes from coal steel and town gas into valuable soaps dyes and disinfectants. Some company names (British Tar Products and Lancashire Tar Distillers) survive from these times but processes and products have changed as have the prices and sources of raw materials. Output maximisation models Raw materials are now purchased in global markets and companies must accept the price as a fixed cost. Similarly finished product prices (especially for specification chemicals) have hitherto been largely outside the influence of manufacturers.Fig. 1 models this situation very simply. Individual companies succeed by the efficiency of their production processes (yield batch time energy usage etc.) in maximising output. They remain however at the mercy of raw material costs and finished goods prices. This model highlights the chemical process as the only point at which companies can seek competitive advantage and explains the industry’s search for new and more efficient technologies including photochemistry ultrasound microwave chemistry supercritical fluids ionic liquids and biotechnology. This search is complicated by the limited cash resources available to small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Companies can afford only one ‘technology bet’ and Figure 1 even this must be weighed against alternatives of a different nature—a marketing offensive opening a new territory joining a trade mission or investing in laboratories. ‘effluent is money down the drain’ In the early 1980s NEDO (National Economic Development Office) suggested waste minimisation as a further means of improving performance and competitiveness arguing that ‘effluent is money down the drain’. l it costs money to remove or treat effluent l work is expended to convert raw material into effluent l saleable material may be lost with the waste Waste minimisation seemed to NEDO a logical money saver. Industry initially rejected these arguments claiming that no problem existed costs were negligible and waste streams were totally under control.It was a decade before NEDO published the Braithwaite Task Force report ‘Chemistry for a Better Environment’ which recognised environmental issues as potential opportunities not threats. Companies agreed that waste was increasingly unacceptable and considered strategies for dealing with it. In increasing difficulty cost time-scale efficiency and desirability these included Finished product ouput C G F EAT U R E l end-of-pipe solutions (for cleaner effluent) l better process control and recycling (for less effluent) l better process design (for even less effluent) l alternative processes (to eliminate waste altogether) The last two options are at the heart of what is now considered as ‘green chemistry’.SORIS SORIS is a networking service from the Specialised Organic Sector Association (SOCSA) itself part of the UK Chemical Industries’ Association (CIA). SORIS offers ‘soft’ chemical information helps companies solve problems and provides tailored introductions. It collects information in a discreet and confidential manner and gives its subscribers l extra ‘antennae’ in the marketplace l longer business development arms l wider horizons l quick information l time savings l new opportunities l specialist introductions l anonymity l interpretation of ‘grey’ information SORIS was established in 1980 and became part of the CIA in 1993.It is a non-profit body funded by the chemical industry but able to offer services to customers outside the immediate chemical industry. Its remit is to provide ‘information which subscribers cannot readily or easily obtain for themselves’ and hence in a sense SORIS is an industrial dating agency. For further information on SORIS contact Christopher Drew at SORIS Macclesfield (Tel. +44 (0) 1625 618439; FAX +44 (0)1625 511336; email cdrew@soris.demon.co.uk) and from http://www.sourcerer.co.uk/html/ english/soris.htm. For further information on SOCSA contact Tony Scott SOCSA Director at CIA (Tel. +44 (0)171 963 6716; email scottt@cia.org.uk). Green Chemistry June 1999 G63 F E AT U R E C G The simple industry model now looks like Fig.2. The difference between Figs. 1 and 2 represents an attitude change driven by the costs of a ‘licence to operate’. The UK ‘better process design and alternative processes are at the heart of green chemistry’ specialised organics sector is reckoned to have an annual turnover of £6bn. Aggregate UK chemical industry statistics show capital spending at 10% of turnover. Applying this ratio to specialised organics suggests that £600m is invested each year. Anecdotal reports describe 50% of capital spending as ‘defensive’ by which they mean it is not directly productive but is essential to anticipate environmental requirements. This means that £300m pa is unavailable for investment in R&D product and process development or new processes.Revenue maximisation models Other impacts are much more direct though difficult to measure. Chemical manufacturers require authorisation from HMIP (Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Pollution) to operate chemical processes. Authorisation is granted for ‘processes’ and ‘components’—with a fee payable for each item. A small company with the capability (and desire) to operate a wide range of batch reactions pays a very heavy price for authorisations. By contrast a large company operating Raw material input Figure 3 G64 Green Chemistry June 1999 PROCESS Raw material input Waste Figure 2 minimise a few continuous processes pays relatively little.These costs serve to reduce companies’ responsiveness to demands for custom and toll manufacture. Further the time and effort taken to gain authorisation for a new activity for the market adds to development costs and extends product lead times by 2 to 3 months. Examples exist of UK companies losing overseas business as a direct result. Whilst on one hand the costs of remaining in business increase on the other companies are better at recognising their (previously under-valued) worth to their customers. Specification chemicals are like commodities in the marketplace. Price differentiation is possible but not easy. Performance or effect chemicals are targeted more precisely at market needs. Customers (except for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals) are not interested in molecular structures they want flavour aroma texture colour absence of dirt or bugs and so on.With additional service or flourishes (door to door delivery technical service representatives) pricing can be very specific to a customer–supplier relationship. Thus chemical manufacturers can regain influence over their product revenues. Regulation PROCESS Finished product ouput Waste eliminate Finished product ouput maximise Adding these two drivers (increased process control and greater market sensitivity) to the model produces Fig. 3. Here companies’ goals have subtly changed from output maximisation to revenue maximisation. Manufacturers of expensive perfume do not necessarily double their income by doubling their output.If scarcity and exclusivity are lost prices will likely fall–and the effect on revenue is a tricky judgement. Not all chemical sectors behave the same but companies are more aware that profitability is a function of price and output–not volume alone. Case studies abound (mostly outside chemicals!) of companies chasing output targets and seeing their losses rise accordingly. Intangibles An apocryphal President of a US cosmetics company said ‘we make chemicals but we sell hope’. His analysis was deeper than the specification–effect dichotomy. He recognised that customers buy intangibles as well as effects. This might be peace of mind from dealing with a known reputable supplier; it might be protection from aggravation by outsourcing a whole activity instead of Market place revenue maximise Regulation PROCESS Waste Conclusion Raw material input Figure 4 components; it might be confidence in uninterrupted supply.These intangibles have a value which should be reflected in the price (of the chemicals). Leading specialised organics companies are beginning to address this Finished product ouput Adding this linkage linkage between environmental and market performance to our model leads to Fig. 4. Strictly Fig. 4 is a qualitative description with no predictive power. It perhaps suggests lines of academic research on the nature and strength of the posited links.Such work should be aided by the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) requirements (due to come into force on 30 October 1999) for companies to report energy and raw material usage in their operations. Chief executives have developed their own rules of thumb for balancing the relative effort put into R&D marketing finance an personnel. ‘Environment’ is a business topic that currently absorbs all available effort–and more. Guidance on its place in the total business dynamic would be valuable to companies. eliminate issue of value pricing. Whether pricing is a science or an art it is difficult in these circumstances. Companies are rewarded by less buffeting by external influences and more control over their business environment.An increasingly important intangible (though stronger in consumer than industrial markets) is market perception of a company’s environmental performance. Speciality chemicals industries like the cosmetics industry are aware that maximising revenue depends on many intangible factors such as exclusivity and environmental performance. F E AT U R E C G Market place revenue maximise I claim that the specialised organics sector is the original ‘green industry’. There are current strong drivers (cost legislation and market) which make waste minimisation an major part of companies’ business strategy. A good start has been made at ‘end of pipe’ solutions and steady upstream progress is being made.Companies are keenly interested in technologies and processes with a green chemistry cachet but implementation will not be immediate. Companies in this sector tend to be small (or to be small and relatively free-standing subsidiaries of larger companies) and to have considerable variety and complexity in their operations. This limits the money and manpower that can be addressed to a single issue it means also that ‘one-sizefits-all’ solutions are unlikely to exist for a range of problems. The specialised organics sector has a strong history of collaborative R&D efforts and companies are working with each other to obtain better leverage on common projects typified by the excellent and ambitious SETT project (SOCSA Effluent Treatment Toolkit) which is working towards the unambiguous goal that early in the net millennium this sector’s effluent streams will be of drinking water quality. Further Reading ‘Braithwaite Report’– The Chemistry for a Better Environment National Economic Development Office March 1992. ISBN 0-7292-1046-4 ‘Bringing in Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control’ (Environment Agency) (http://www.environmentagency. gov.uk/files/tec_gui_ippc.htm) Green Chemistry June 1999 G65

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g63

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

P E R S P E C T I V E S C G cellulose + lignin Wood to paper without pollution catalyst 2) + O2 Acompletely new approach to use of oxygen in the bleaching of wood or wood pulp for paper manufacture has been developed by Craig Hill based at Emory University in Atlanta (email chill@emory.edu) and Ira Weinstock based at the USDA Forest products laboratory in Madison (email iaweinst@facstaff.wisc.edu). The method is based on the use of polyoxometalates which are nontoxic and inexpensive. In the first step the wood pulp is bleached by reaction with the oxidised polyoxometalate causing oxidation and solubilisation of the lignin leading to high quality cellulose fibres. In the second step dioxygen is added and the same polyoxometalate catalyses the complete conversion of the lignin fragments to carbon dioxide and water.Overall the lignin has been removed from the wood using only air and water. This represents a significant environmental improvement over chlorine-based processes. Its ‘green credentials’ include l less consumption of raw materials (wood) through higher process selectivity l energy-efficient l complete elimination of waste streams l few greenhouse gases (CO The new technology has been described in a series of U.S. patents and several research articles including an overview article published in Holzforschung 1998 52 304. Microwave-mediated syntheses The use of microwaves as an alternative reaction methodology has provided many useful synthetic protocols.For a recent review see R. S.Varma (Green Chem. 1999 1 43). Two recent publications extend the scope of this valuable COR O G66 Green Chemistry June 1999 cellulose AlCl CHO technique. The first from Bhushan Khadilkar at the University of Mumbai describes the Fries rearrangement at atmospheric pressure avoiding the potentially hazardous use of sealed tubes (Synth. Commun. 1999 1195). Results are good often being better than conventional routes. Selectivity is similar to conventional heating and generally delivers both ortho and para products The application of microwaves to the Doebner condensation led Kumar’s group at the University of Calcutta to an improved method for the synthesis of a range of cinnamic acid derivatives (Synth.Commun. 1999 575). Yields are very high (94–97% for a series of differently substituted examples) and reactions are complete in a few minutes. The products are of use in the synthesis of lignans. malonic acid base MW Improved Baylis–Hillman + CO2+ H2O OH COR 3 MW + reaction conditions a step in the direction of green chemistry The Baylis–Hillman reaction is one of the most important synthetic reactions in organic chemistry leading in one step to very highly functionalised products which are of great synthetic utility. It is also an addition reaction and thus does not generate co-products making it potentially very clean. However reaction times can be long even with large quantities of base catalyst.Shu Kobayashi (University of Tokyo) has developed an improved set of reaction conditions where the reaction proceeds 800 times faster when LiClO4 is added to the system (Tetrahedron Lett. 1999 40 1539). O O O OH + LiClO4 R R H R¢ R¢ ether reaction rate 800 times faster than without LiClO4 OH While the addition of LiClO4 is not inherently green the rate enhancements are particularly striking and address one of the weakest points of the Baylis– Hillman reaction. More interestingly still is the possibility that ionic liquids might have a similar effect—Ken Seddon’s group at Queen’s University Belfast UK has recently shown that the use of ionic liquids based on 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium salts (bmim) gives rate enhancements in Diels–Alder reactions of a magnitude similar to those found when LiClO4 is used representing a cleaner alternative in this system (Green Chem.1999 1 23). COR CO2H Microbes and antibody catalysis Biotechnological syntheses of some biologically interesting molecules have been reported by two groups using different aspects of biotechnology. J. W. Frost’s groups at Michigan State University have prepared shikimic acid and quinic acid using recombinant microbial catalysts (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999 121 1603). The two acids are of great current interest as starting materials in the synthesis of potential influenza treatments. The group showed that both OH OH O OH OH OH modified E.coli CO2H HO CO2H + OH HO OH HO OH OH quinic acid shikimic acid materials are formed from D-glucose and that the proportions of each was controllable by the glucose feed rate the two acids being in equilibrium with each other. Control over the rate of addition allows the synthesis of either of the two acids. The groups of Lerner and Barbas III at the Scripps Research Institute have developed a short route to 1-deoxy-Lxylulose using antibody Ab 38C2 (Tetrahedron Lett. 1999 40 1437). The two-step synthesis is the shortest yet devised and relies on the fact that the antibody used does not require that the hydroxyacetone starting material is protected thus contributing to a reduction in the waste produced by minimising protection/ deprotection strategies O O + O H OH Ab 38C2 OH O O OH H2 catalyst OH HO O HO Clean Oxidations Vitamin K3 The synthesis of Vitamin K3 has long been a target for green chemistry.It is currently produced industrially by the oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene by chromium trioxide in sulfuric acid. The use of such a stoichiometric oxidant generates a great deal of waste and is becoming increasingly disfavoured by legislation. Many attempts to develop new clean routes to this important molecule have been investigated including a zeolite catalysed methylation of 1-naphthol by methanol followed by bio-hydroxylation. Recent work by Hermann et al. at the Technical University of Munich (J.Mol. Catal. A 1999 138 115) has described an alternative approach. They used the oxidation catalyst P E R S P E C T I V E S methylrhenium troixide which has been shown to be applicable to the oxidation of alkenes and arenes as well as in the Baeyer–Villiger reaction. The primary oxidant system was acetic anhydride/ acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide generating acetic acid as by-product. The authors showed that the combination of anhydride and acid was vital in terms of both activity and selectivity. Under optimum conditions regioselectivity towards the methyl substituted ring oxidation was 89% a very impressive result and better than many of the other systems studied. old process CrO3/H2SO4 O O + O O Vitamin K3 new route MeReO3/Ac2O/AcOH/H2O2 Binaphthols A different oxidation of naphthalene derivatives is important in the synthesis of binaphthols of much current interest as planar chiral catalyst precursors.Again the current methods utilise stochiometric (or greater) quantities of transition metals as oxidants typically those with a one electron redox system (e.g. Fe Cu Mn). Their use generates both metal waste and halide waste. Tong-Shuang Li and coworkers from Hebei University Baoding China have developed a new catalytic route to binaphthols where the primary oxidant is air (J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 1999 291). They used heterogeneous catalysts such as iron(III) chloride supported on alumina; while other systems were investigated they were found to be less active.Yields are typically around 90% after several minutes in refluxing xylene. The authors showed that the oxidation proceeded stoichiometrically in the absence of air OH OH OH C G but was catalytic in its presence. Catalyst recovery is simple and successful reuse has also been demonstrated. CN OTMS Elaboration of oxidation O TMSCN catalyst N3 OTMS products While the search for clean oxidation systems continues apace most of the products of oxidation are used as raw materials in subsequent transformations. One of the most versatile classes of oxidation products is the epoxides. Two derivatives which are of importance in the synthesis of a range of biologically important compounds are cyanohydrin trimethylsilyl ethers and azidosilyl ethers.These two groups of compounds can be transformed into many important classes of compound and their clean preparation is therefore desirable. Lakshmi Kantam and his groups from the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology have published results (Synth. Commun. 1999 1121) on the synthesis of these derivatives using Mn-salen complexes immobilised inside mesoporous materials specifically MCM-41. These are designed as replacements for the more traditional catalysts such as homogeneous Lewis acids (e.g. zinc chloride). Both racemic and chiral salen complexes were investigated but no enantioselectivity was seen. TMSN3 catalyst is Mn-salen-MCM-41 Transesterification catalysis Transesterification is an important method for the preparation of many compounds.Major application areas include synthetic lubricants and surfactants. In many of these applications the removal of a homogeneous catalyst (e.g. sulfuric acid) with water is a major problem since the catalyst will also encourage hydrolysis. If the product has to be acid-free (often the case) this means that product isolation is extremely difficult and leads to a great deal of waste in addition to the spent acid. Solid acids are therefore of great interest as replacements both in terms of waste minimisation and product quality. Thus Benjaram Reddy et al. (Indian Green Chemistry June 1999 G67 C G Institute for Chemical Technology) have developed Mo-zirconia catalysts for the transesterification of b-ketoesters (Synth.Commun. 1999 1235). The catalyst is effective with a number of alcohols both linear and branched giving good yields of product. Separation and reuse of the catalyst can be achieved without loss in activity. O HO Mo–ZrO2 O O P E R S P E C T I V E S O O ers in Valencia (Chem. Commun. 1999 593). They functionalised purely siliceous MCM-41 with quaternary ammonium hydroxides in a two step reaction. The supported quaternary ammonium hydroxide was evaluated in the Knoevenagel reaction of benzaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate. They found that the catalyst was most active in the absence of solvent and under these conditions the turnover numbers were also higher than in the presence of solvent.Rates were comparable to unsupported tetramethylammonium hydroxide although more catalyst had to be used. Good results were also obtained in Michael and aldol reactions (itq@upvnet.upv.es). O Novel solid bases Caesium supported on carbon The alkylation of toluene at the methyl group is a reaction of great importance for example in the synthesis of isobutylbenzene an intermediate in the synthesis of ibuprofen. Henry Foley and his team from the University of Delaware have just published details of a new catalyst system based on caesium supported on carbon which is highly active in this reaction (Chem. Commun 1999 413). Previous work on intercalated graphites had led to materials with some activity but requiring forcing conditions or long reaction times.Foley’s team has used nanoporous carbon (NPC) to immobilise caesium and found that not only did it provide very good dispersion of the metal but that its catalytic activity was also excellent. Gas phase reaction of toluene and propene takes place at 150 °C a remarkably low temperature and with very good selectivity. Higher temperatures lead to lower selectivity and catalyst deactivation Cs-nanoporous carbon Quaternary ammonium hydroxides supported on siliceous MCM-41 A second novel base this time with nanoporous silica as support has been prepared by Avelino Corma and co-work- G68 Green Chemistry June 1999 CHO CN + CO2Et catalyst CN CO2Et Algal biomass as raw material for food and chemical industries The Dutch company Algen Systemen UvA BV is developing a system for the large-scale cultivation of algal biomass on a substrate containing organic substances in a process which involves symbiosis with a bacterium.The latter generates carbon dioxide which is then assimilated by the algae via photosynthesis along with nitrogen and phosphate. The algal mass has prospects for use in commercial applications such as human health foods animal feeds the chemical industry cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It can potentially be used to produce fine chemicals such as proteins (with a similar nutrition to that of soya) carbohydrates (industrial polysaccharides and fermentation substrates) lipids (particularly unsaturated fatty acids hormone precursors and surfactants) vitamins (high concentrations of vitamin B12) and pigments (e.g.chlorophyll carotenoids and xanthophylls). This would represent an environmentally friendly method for producing natural fine chemicals. Fundamental research into the growth of mass cultures is being carried out at the University of Amsterdam where a number of so-called High Rate Algal Pond systems have been set up to determine the optimal conditions for cultivation such as light intensity and nutrient levels. Toluene-diamine recovery and recycling Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd and Kobe Steel Ltd have jointly developed an environmentally friendly method to recover and recycle the toluene-diamine (TDA) residue generated in the production of tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) using supercritical water technology.A commercial-scale recycling plant based on the newly-developed technology at Takeda's Kashima Plant in Ibaraki Prefecture northeast of Tokyo has recently started commercial operation. (The Kashima Plant produces TDI for production of polyurethane resin.) This is the first time supercritical water has been used to recycle plastic intermediates on a commercial basis. Supercritical water is friendly to the environment as water serves as the solvent. No acids or alkalis are used so waste water treatment is unnecessary. Renewed boost for ethanol With oil prices low and corn prices high ethanol has found it hard to achieve commercial success as a renewable fuel. But biotechnology may provide help. Genetic engineering is coming up with bacteria that can produce ethanol from waste. BC International (BCI) is erecting a 20 M gal/year ethanol plant at Jennings AL that will use biomass as feedstock and a genetically-modified bacterium. BCI expects to produce ethanol for $1.20/gal or less. In the UK Agrol Ltd expects to begin designing a demonstration plant for converting waste to ethanol by the end of 1999. It hopes to use waste recovered from the upgrading of sugars and starches as well as straw and forestry wastes. Masada Resource is to begin construction of an 8 M gal/year wasteto-ethanol plant at Middletown NY in spring 1999. US ethanol output was 1.36 bn gal in January–October 1998. A number of facilities are due onstream in 1999 including Exol's 30 M gal/year unit at Albert Lea MN; Adkins Energy's 30 M gal/year plant at Lena IL; and Sunrise Energy Ethanol's 5 M gal/year unit at Blairstown IA. Heartland Grain Fuels is erecting another 8 M gal/year plant at Aberdeen SD.

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g66

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Clean Technology Programme Tim Lester describes a programme run by the UK Research Councils in the early 1990s The Clean Technology Programme owed its origins to a number of enthusiasts working in and associated with the UK Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC).Two key players were Professor Roland Clift and Dr Nicholas Lawrence. Professor Roland Clift currently Professor of Environmental Technology and Director of Centre for Environmental Strategy at the University of Surrey was a key player in the Clean Technology Programme Committee recommended that these subjects form the initial thrusts of the Clean Technology Programme. There was a press launch in February 1992. The Clean Technology Programme was unusual–its funding was ‘cross council’ involving both SERC and AFRC.In 1994 the Research Councils were re-organised and renamed. EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Science Research Council) took over most of SERC’s responsibilities and BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council) assumed many of the AFRC’s. For the rest of this article the current Research Council names will be used. This collaboration between Research Councils was not common when the Clean Technology Programme was launched and proved effective. Collaboration also took place within EPSRC with the Chemistry and Process Engineering programmes both contributing to the Clean Technology budget. Introduction Professor Clift of the University of Surrey was Chairman of the SERC’s Process Engineering Committee.Dr Lawrence became the SERC’s Director/Senior Programme Manager and assembled a small team of staff within SERC to help him establish and manage the programme. The first meeting of a working party chaired by Professor Roland Clift to define a possible new SERC programme area on clean technology was held in August 1989. During that autumn a ‘Forward Look’ submission was approved by SERC Council and in 1990 the Clean Technology Programme was born. From early 1990 selected research proposals were part funded from a Clean Technology budget. The first meeting of the Clean Technology Management Committee was held in the autumn of 1990.The Management Committee was initially chaired by Roland Clift and included representatives from universities industry and government. Dr Geoffrey Randall later chaired a group of external advisors who reviewed the programme. Three studies were commissioned to examine different areas for their clean technology potential and the outcomes were the following ‘research agenda’ documents l Farming as an Engineering Process l Harnessing Photosynthesis l Clean Synthesis of Effect Chemicals The Clean Technology Management Royal Academy of Engineering– Clean Technology Fellowships Surrey University Cardiff University Cardiff University Bath University Queen’s University Belfast Strathclyde University York University Bath University Name Institution Research Area Dr T.Markvart Southampton University Professor M. Poliakoff Nottingham University Dr T. Jackson Dr J. Rosenfeld Dr D. Barrow Dr P. Mitchell Professor K. Seddon Dr I. Dunkin Professor J. Clark Mr D. Hicks C G F EAT U R E Scope of the programme The principal aim of the programme was to fund high quality research with potential to contribute to cleaner more sustainable technologies and in the case of the cities programme lifestyle. The mechanism used was to fund research proposals submitted to the Research Councils by UK universities which met certain criteria for originality relevance and quality. Commonly the research proposals were for 2–3 years with funding in the range £100–300k.The methods used to select proposals varied in detail between different parts of the programme and also over time. As usual for Research Council funding peer review played an important role. Some 20 Clean Synthesis ROPA (Realising Our Potential Awards) were made during the life of the programme. ROPAs differ from normal Research Council awards because to be eligible the applicant must be able to demonstrate substantial and recent collaboration with industry. In addition to funding research the Clean Technology Programme aimed to raise the profile of waste generation and sustainability within the wider community. This objective was addressed in several ways of which the following are examples l Royal Academy of Engineering/ EPSRC Clean Technology Fellowships were awarded to 10 active university researchers (see box below).These fellowships lasted for three years and during this time relieved members of academic staff from their teaching responsibilities. This allowed them to focus on Clean Technology Research giving lectures and undertaking various ‘public understanding’ activities. l Clean Technology PhD Studentships were awarded to academics on the basis Photovoltaics Supercritical Fluids Thermodynamics and Sustainability Advanced Glazing Chemical Sensors Mining and Mineral Processing Ionic Liquids Photochemistry Heterogeneous Catalysis Design for Decommissioning Green Chemistry June 1999 G69 C G of proposals covering the intended work programme and training which would be provided.These students were invited to a multidisciplinary Clean Technology Summer School lasting three days at which there were talks by Clean Technology Fellows a poster competition was held and various other activities took place. F E AT U R E l Publication of a newsletter ‘Cleanline’about twice a year which reviewed some research results listed calls for proposals awards made etc. l Organisation of workshops bringing together university researchers and industry staff l ‘Blue Sky’ calls to encourage unconventional ideas by providing small grants to allow preliminary feasibility to be assessed. l Publishing a directory of research projects funded (last one was dated December 1996) Constituent themes The programme was expanded beyond the three initial themes to cover the following Farming as an Engineering Process Funded by EPSRC and BBSRC the objective was to investigate the potential for applying mathematical modelling measurement and control systems sensors etc to farming in order to optimise use of energy chemicals and other resources.Harnessing Photosynthesis– renamed Light Harvesting Funded by EPSRC and BBSRC G70 Green Chemistry June 1999 this programme included l biological light-capturing processes l aspects of photovoltaics l light-driven hydrogen production from photosynthetic organisms l aspects of photochemistry Clean Synthesis of Effect Chemicals– renamed Cleaner Synthesis Funded by EPSRC and discussed more fully below.Fuel Cells for Clean Power Generation and Transport Funded by EPSRC this programme started in 1994. Stopping Waste within Production Process–also known as WMR3 (Waste Minimisation– Recovery Recycling and Reuse in industry) Funded by EPSRC programme started in 1994. A related LINK Programme (part of the UK Government LINK Scheme requiring 50% industry funding) was established on this topic. Cities and Sustainability Funded by the SERC/EPSRC and ESRC (Economic and Social Research Council). Life Cycle Analysis Funded by the SERC/EPSRC and ESRC. In addition to these programmes which were managed by the Clean Technology Unit within EPSRC financial contributions were made to other programmes which were relevant to clean technology objectives.Examples were ‘Combustion’ ‘Catalysts and Catalytic Processes’ and ‘Materials for Better Construction’. Timing In common with a number of other Research Council initiatives the Clean Technology Programme was a five-year programme. It was launched in 1992 and closed in 1997 although some awards continue to be made in a few subject areas. A number of the projects which started in 1997 are not scheduled to finish until 2000. Cleaner Synthesis theme In order to provide guidance to academic researchers it was necessary to identify and disseminate information on problems and opportunities facing the chemicals industry.This was done through discussions and a meeting at the SCI which was attended by about 100 industry and university staff. Views were sought on prospective topics for research and a Main areas of research funded within the Cleaner Synthesis theme Benign solvents l supercritical fluids as straight alternatives to hydrocarbons but also to allow one to do things differently for example controlling morphology during isolation of solids or giving different products when used as reaction media l ionic liquids as both chemical reagents and involatile recyclable solvents l water as a medium for radical chemistry Catalysis l to find alternatives to aluminium trichloride in Friedel–Crafts reactions l asymmetric synthesis–for oxidation epoxides and aziridines; potential of polyleucine l properties of novel solid acid heterogeneous catalysts l use of computer modelling to help understand the selectivity of certain catalysts l identification of heterogeneous catalysts for selective ethane oxidation Electrochemistry l biosynthesis using electrodes based on immobilised enzymes l organic synthesis in water–side chain oxidation carbonyl reduction etc.l studies of a cleaner route to calcium which avoids lead containing dross Radical chemistry l finding ways to exploit radical chemistry commercially by identifying alternatives to the use of initiators based on tin or other ‘unclean’ reagents Reactor design l a bioreactor for enzymic oil hydrolysis with few by-products l membrane reactors to exploit reactions with unfavourable equilibria l studies of bubble behaviour in electrochemical reactors and a pulsed flow reactor; both to improve the commercial prospects of electrochemical synthesis Examples of research funded by some themes other than Cleaner Synthesis Waste minimisation l New clean technology for direct zinc smelting l Modified absorbents for lowtemperature gas purification l Catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis oils derived from biomass and waste l Environmentally friendly yarn dyeing l Conformation of molecules at interfaces and the relationship to emulsion stability Fuel cells l Development of improved membranes for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells l Construction of a 1kW solid polymer fuel cell l Electrocatalytic studies of new anodes for solid oxide fuel cells l Development of a methanol fuel cell for automotive power l Diffuse imaging as a probe of local charged states on Pt-Ru electrodes Combustion l Prediction of the performance of engine exhaust systems with catalytic converters l NOx formation in and emission from pulverised fuel flames l Computation of kinetic data for combustion modelling l Mercury speciation in waste incinerator emissions l Fundamentals of the electrostatic atomisation and burning of oil sprays Analysis and sensors l New oxide materials as sensors for combustion control l Novel selective piezoelectric sensors using polymer reagents l High temperature thin-film conductance sensors for gaseous sulfur-containing species l Infra-red fluorescence sensor for metal ions l Analysis of pollutants by noninvasive laser induced scatter fluorescence Photovoltaics l The physics of quantum well solar cells l Passivation of active defect states in CuInSe2 and CuInxGa1-xSe2 thin films number of generic areas agreed.These findings were incorporated in calls for proposals which were peer reviewed and ranked by a panel with industry and university membership. Chemistry departments dominated the Cleaner Synthesis programme with about four times as many projects as chemical engineering departments and over ten times as many as biological science departments.Collaboration between departments was strongly encouraged where this was logical and in at least one instance has led to ongoing links between departments. A common criticism by the industry representatives of the review panels was the lack of process engineering input to proposals from chemistry departments. The total value of projects funded was around £12 million. Attempts to classify the 118 projects into technical topics - such as reactor design supercritical fluids catalysis or electrochemistry are thwarted by the number of projects which span two or more categories. The box (previous page) lists some of the types of work which were funded. A key measure of the success of the programme will be that some of the research eventually contributes to changes in industry’s methods of manufacture resulting in cleaner processes.This will not however be straightforward to assess because there will always be a number of R&D inputs to new processes making it difficult to isolate the role played by the Cleaner Synthesis programme. Furthermore for competitive reasons industry may provide little information for some years. Although a number of the projects have still not been completed there are encouraging signs that a number of the outcomes are relevant to industry. There are already examples of l Commercialisation l Patents being filed by industry l Follow up research funding from industry in some cases through LINK projects Other themes The influence of chemistry extends well beyond the Cleaner Synthesis theme contributing in a substantial way to Waste Minimisation Photovoltaics Fuel Cells Combustion and Analysis and Sensors. The box on this page lists several project titles from each theme selected to give an impression of the scope of themes other than Cleaner Synthesis. GC F E AT U R E Outcomes Results of research funded through the Clean Technology Programme are published by the academic investigators in the normal way although where appropriate investigators are encouraged to file patents and this may lead to some limited delay in publication. Several pieces of research which were part funded through the Cleaner Synthesis theme will be presented at the Royal Society of Chemistry’s Annual Conference in April 2000. For further information see the EPSRC website on http://www.epsrc.ac.uk Visit the Green Chemistry homepage FREE electronic access to full contents of Issue 1 http://www.rsc.org/greenchem Green Chemistry June 1999 G71

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g69

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

F EAT U R E C G Waste minimisation– the Don Rother Dearne Project Becky Allen reports on two dozen small-to-medium-sized companies in South Yorkshire which are on course to net over £1 million a year in savings Agency and Yorkshire Water Services. Individual contributions ranged from £50 for SMEs that joined the project during phase 2 to £19,800 from Rhône-Poulenc and it was its focus on SMEs that made the project special says CEST which coordinated the project. identified potential financial savings totalling £1,079,918 per annum about £500,000 of which involved no capital cost the remainder having a payback of under a year. Although the financial savings were greatest in the larger companies–Rhône-Poulenc identifying savings of £96,000 a year–SMEs achieved percentage cost savings as high as the large firms.For the environment this represents reductions of 5100 m3 solid waste to landfill and 4500 tonnes of CO2. The Environment Agency told Green through waste minimisation Introduction Rising from the Pennines the rivers Don Rother and Dearne flow east through one of the most heavily industrialised regions of Britain. From Barnsley south to Sheffield and Chesterfield the Don Rother and Dearne river basins are dominated by many small metal processors as well as a few larger steelworks and chemical companies. Aiming to reduce emissions to the air land and water by promoting cleaner production through waste minimisation the Don Rother Dearne project ran in two phases between May 1996 and March 1998.It is the latest in a series of over 50 similar schemes run by the Centre of Exploitation of Science and Technology (CEST) local authorities and other organisations across the UK. The Don Rother Dearne Project This project involved 24 companies including 18 small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The companies contributed almost 40% of the £207,675 total project costs the rest being met by the BOC Foundation for the Environment the Co-operative Bank the Environment G72 Green Chemistry June 1999 ‘a more focused approach to waste minimisation is required by SMEs’ Not only are they major businesses as well as polluters in the region SMEs are also a difficult sector to recruit to waste minimisation projects because they frequently lack time and motivation.According to CEST ‘For SMEs a quicker more focused approach to waste minimisation is required than with larger companies and the potential is generally less in percentage terms.’ Despite this the Don Rother Dearne Project has achieved impressive results particularly among the SMEs. It has CEST–The Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology CEST is a not-for-profit organisation based in London UK with around 30 members drawn from l industrial manufacturing and service sector corporates l research and academic institutions l government bodies and agencies Its mission is to ‘identify new business opportunities for science and technology and to assist their realisation by linking key decision makers in industry research and development helping them to identify the best options and to profit through collaborative action’.CEST operates through Collaborative Programmes independent research sponsored by members and other initiatives based around areas where science and technology has the capacity to make big impacts on business models and society in general. For further information visit the CEST website (http://www.cest.org.uk Chemistry ‘There has been considerable success in water quality improvements in the rivers Don Rother and Dearne over the past five years. These improvements have been brought about by a series of pollution prevention measures and through investment in a number of sewage treatment works.The river Don now supports a thriving coarse fishery and a local angler caught a 12 pound salmon– the first to be caught in the river for 150 years.’ Keys to success CEST says several factors account for the project's success but stresses that choosing a firm of consultants with past experience of working with SMEs to operate the project was critical. As well as taking an approach that is structured and specific to SMEs senior management commitment and workforce involvement are vital according to CEST. The project also identified a similar set of factors within companies that are often associated with problems making progress in waste minimisation. Most important among these is inadequate resourcing particularly in the form of staff time.‘A lack of suitable resources is more likely in smaller organisations but absence of commitment to make them available can exist in any organisation’ CEST says. Don Rother Dearne waste minimisation project methodology l Agree scope of work– organisation team members targets and third-party requirements. l Agree resourcing and participant/consultant management system. l Establish and train site-specific project team. l Audit waste generated to air land and water. l Set policy priorities and targets for reduction as well as options for feasibility studies. l Select and implement opportunities from feasibility studies. l Management review to identify key changes required.l Design and implement monitoring and targeting system. l Establish project proposal system to develop implement and evaluate future proposals. Waste Minimisation Source reduction (polution prevention) Reuse Process changes (cleaner production) Product changes (eco design) Technology changes (clean production) Improved operating practices ‘progress in waste minimisation is often limited by inadequate resourcing’ Many of the project participants identified workforce involvement as vital for success. Not only does this approach foster teamwork and ownership it makes use of workers’ knowledge. ‘Although technology changes can be imposed changes to working practices are more likely to be successful if suggested by those directly involved .. . Ideas generated by those close to the problem tend to be more pragmatic,’ says CEST. Integrating the waste minimisation with other management systems in the business is also important not least because it minimised the additional staff time involved a concern voiced by several firms before the project began. Achievements Two of the larger companies involved in the project were Rhône-Poulenc and Ronseal. Rhône-Poulenc operates a sulfuric acid chlor-alkali and small pharmaceutical plant at Chesterfield and among the £96,000 a year savings identified was the replacement of demineralised water with towns supply. Richard Maylia Environment Manager at Rhône-Poulenc's Chesterfield site decided to become involved in the project because the company’s Leeds site had benefited from a similar scheme in the past.Maylia’s main aim was to use the project to develop environmental management systems on site. Like many of the smaller F EAT U R E Recycle onsite and offsite Reclamation Raw material changes C G Modification companies involved time constraints were a major problem ‘It's not something for nothing but if you have the time and commitment then it is very worthwhile,’ Maylia says. Ronseal makes consumer woodcare products at its Chapeltown plant in Sheffield and identified eight waste minimisation opportunities with potential savings of £122,000 a year.A significant proportion of this was achieved by changing production practices so that coloured products are made as clear intermediates and tinted in small mobile vessels. As a result production lines require less cleaning and £33,000 a year will be saved in cleaning materials and effluent treatment. Two of the SMEs involved in the project were McKenna Precision Casting at Dinnington and metal finisher Example waste minimisation opportunities identified by project participants l Replacement of demineralised water with town supply l Change of production practices so that coloured products are made as clear intermediates and tinted in small mobile vessels l Improvement of mould design and finishing operations as well as reclaiming waste to reduce the high-value alloy waste generated l Reduction of chemical losses occurring in rinsing tanks Green Chemistry June 1999 G73 F E AT U R E C G R.Wilson & Co in Chesterfield. McKenna achieved savings of over £25,000 a year by improving mould design and finishing operations as well as reclaiming waste to reduce the high-value alloy waste it generates. Wilson changed its chrome plating process to cut chemical losses that were occurring in its rinsing tanks changes that cost nothing and saved £8450 a year. According to McKenna’s Environment Officer Darryl Claytor the project acted as a catalyst and has left a lasting impact on the company with waste minimisation objectives reviewed and revised annually.‘Being involved in the project made us aware of how we could make savings and concentrated our efforts,’ Claytor said. Whether there will be similar projects in the future is uncertain. CEST points out that the business case for waste minimisation has been made and it is up to industry and policy makers to respond. McKenna Precision Casting from Dinnington in South Yorkshire is an example of an SME which has been involved in the waste minimisation Don Rother Dearne Project. Further reading Centre of Exploitation of Science and Technology (1998). The Don Rother Dearne Waste Minimisation Project Final Report available from CEST [Tel +44 (0)171 354 9942]. Understanding Our Environment An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry and Pollution 3rd edition edited by r.m. harrison Reviewing 2nd edition ‘A valuable and commendable low cost book which will become standard reading . . .’ chemistry and industry ‘A comprehensive and clearly written textbook . . .’ chemistry in britain Royal Society of Chemistry · Thomas Graham House Science Park · Milton Road · Cambridge · CB4 0WF Orders & further details Sales &Customer Care Dept t +44(0)1223 420066 · f +44(0)1223 423429 e sales@rsc.org · Or visit our website www.rsc.org Part of the chemistry societies network www.chemsoc.org ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY Investing in Chemistry G74 Green Chemistry June 1999 As an introductory text aimed at those having little background knowledge of the field and requiring only a modest background in science,Understanding Our Environment is unparalleled. This third edition enhances the standing of the title by developing a more international approach.Worked examples and questions are included to facilitate both teaching and learning of the subject. Bridging all the important environmental media such as the atmosphere fresh waters oceans and solid earth it also emphasises the inter-linkages between these media. The major human and environmental impacts of pollution are summarised and case studies are included as illustrations of the measures needed for control. This book will be essential reading for students in environmental science and related areas as well as scientists and engineers in industry public service and consultancy who require a basic understanding of environmental processes. Softcover 1999 · xvi + 460 pages · isbn 0 85404 584 8 · £19.95

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g72

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

The National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) at Pune India. NCL’s aim to develop green technologies using clean chemistry is aided by its creativity in catalysis. NCL Golden Jubilee Catalysis Conference Subramanian Sivasanker from the National Chemical Laboratory at Pune in India describes the start of The inaugural address by Professor B. Delmon (Université Catholique de Louvain) recalled the innovations in catalysis brought out by environmental concerns such as the development of monolith catalysts auto exhaust converters and innovative and green processes for the production of chemicals. He was optimistic about the future of catalysis and spoke about the importance of new emerging concepts such as molecular recognition spill-over phenomenon remote control of catalytic sites and dynamic processes during catalysis.The first ‘L.K. Doraiswamy Honor Lecture’ was delivered by Professor James Wei Dean of Engineering and Applied Science at Princeton University in the session on catalytic reaction engineering intended to honour Professor L.K. Doraiswamy Herbert L. Stiles Professor of Chemical Engineering at the Iowa State University USA and ex-director of NCL for his contributions in reaction engineering. In his lecture entitled ‘Chemical Reaction Engineering at the Millennium’ he charted the growth and decline of chemical reaction engineering as a discipline over the past few decades and projected for it a brighter future. Some of the notable speakers a year of celebrations The National Chemical Laboratory (NCL) Pune an important research centre of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) India was 50 years old on 3rd January 1999.As part of the celebrations of its Golden Jubilee Year an international conference on catalysis was organized at NCL during January 19–21. This is the first of a series of conferences to be conducted during 1999 in the various disciplines of research at NCL. The aim of the conference was to bring together scientists from different countries working in different areas of catalysis to enable the exchange of ideas and thoughts on some of the recent developments in catalysis research. A total of 35 speakers delivered lectures covering a broad spectrum of catalysis research.The speakers (besides the 15 from India) were from 11 countries covering Europe Asia and the Americas. There were a total of 8 technical sessions each dedicated to a specific area in catalysis (viz. catalytic reaction engineering catalysis by micro and mesoporous materials polymer catalysis oxidation catalysts homogeneous catalysis chiral reactions over solid catalysts modelling and simulation in catalysis and environmental catalysis) besides the inaugural and concluding sessions. C G E V E N T S during the conference were Professor J. Haber (Poland) Dr. H-U. Blaser (Switzerland) Professor H. van. Bekkum (Holland) Professor U. Schuchardt (Brazil) Professor R. Catlow (UK) Dr. A. Miyamoto (Japan) Dr.P. Jenck (France) Professor F. Trifiro (Italy) Dr. Malli Rao (USA) Professor E. Kemnitz (Humboldt Univ. Germany) Professor B. Viswanathan (IIT Madras) Dr. B. D. Kulkarni (NCL) Dr. P. Ganguly (NCL) S. Sivaram (NCL) and Dr. P. Ratnasamy (Director NCL). A notable aspect of this symposium was a session on environmental catalysis. In this session Dr. Malli Rao (DuPont Wilmington USA) gave examples of steps including process innovations by the chemical industries in response to environmental concerns. The next speaker Professor M.-F. Stephanopoulos (Tufts University) spoke on the activity of Ce-doped Ag-ZSM-5 as a catalyst for the catalytic reduction of NOx with methane. Dr. V. R. Choudhary (NCL) presented his work on the coupling of endothermic steam reforming with exothermic oxidation of methane to achieve better control of the reaction.Besides the papers presented in this session a good number of papers dealt with different aspects of environmental catalysis and green chemistry. Dr. J. Jenck (Rhodia Polyamide Intermediates France) presented a review of the recent trends in heterogenized homogeneous catalysts and pointed out how these catalysts fall short of the expectations of the chemical industry. Dr. H.-U. Blaser from Novartis Services AG Basel gave Some of the catalysed reactions discussed Catalyst Ce-doped Ag-ZSM-5 Cu acetate dimers encapulated in zeolite TS-1/Ti-beta TS-1/Ti-beta at Pune Reaction Reduduction of NOx with methane Hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-dopa Selective oxidation of hydrocarbons Synthesis of 4-tertbutylcyclohexanol Hydrocarbon cubic ferrites combustion Green Chemistry June 1999 G75 E V E N T S Delegates at the NCL Golden Jubilee Catalysis Conference visiting the Ajantha Caves.C G examples of chiral heterogeneous catalysts used in the commercial synthesis of chiral compounds. Dr. M. K. Gurjar and Dr. Rajiv Kumar both from NCL spoke on their work using heterogeneous catalysts to prepare chiral and regioselective conversions of organic compounds. Dr. S. Sivasanker (NCL) spoke on the various features of microand meso-porous solid acid catalysts and how these have been beneficially used in developing novel green commercial petrochemical processes.An emerging area where green catalysts are replacing homogeneous solution phase catalysts is in the selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. Professor F. Trifiro (University of Bologna Italy) spoke on the requirements necessary for good heterogeneous selective oxidation catalysts for the oxyfunctionalization of alkanes. Dr. P. Ratnasamy the Director of NCL and organizer of the symposium showed how encapsulation of Cu-acetate dimers inside the alpha-cages of zeolite Y reduced the Cu–Cu distance (in the dimer) and enhanced its catalytic activity in the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to Ldopa a reaction typically catalysed by oxygenase enzymes. Dr. G. Bellussi of Eniricherche explained how differences in the nature of the Ti species in TS-1 and Ti-beta are responsible for the differences in the activities of the two materials in selective oxidation reactions.Eniricherche has been involved in the development of green processes for the G76 Green Chemistry June 1999 were two lectures on the use of cubic ferrites in the catalytic combustion of hydrocarbons; Dr. A.V. Ramaswamy (NCL) spoke on the Mn-ZrO2 system and Professor E. Kemnitz (Humboldt University Berlin Germany) spoke on the Cr-ZrO2 system. Professor Kemnitz spoke on the use of temperature programmed 18O isotope exchange o study the mechanism of oxidation reactions. These stabilized ZrO2 based oxidation catalysts are potentially useful in pollution abatement catalysis.Professor B. Viswanathan from the Indian Institute of Technology Madras presented a comparison of the activities of substituted heteropolyacids with some metallosilicates in selective oxidation reactions. In between the sessions during the lunch break of each day poster papers (totalling about 30) authored by NCL researchers (mostly Ph.D. students) in catalysis were displayed. The participants evinced keen interest in the posters which covered all the major areas of catalysis research conducted at NCL. In the concluding session of the conference Dr. S. Csicsery reviewed the activities during the eight technical sessions. After three days of intense scientific discussions the participants were treated to an exposition of ancient Indian art at Ajantha and Ellora caves situated about 200 km from Pune.ammoximation of cyclohexanone epoxidation of propylene and the hydroxylation of phenol using TS-1. Professor H. van Bekkum (Delft University of Technology The Netherlands) described the stereoselective behaviour of Ti-beta and TS-1 in the synthesis of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. In the same session there The new catalysis pilot plant at the National Chemical Laboratory Pune which provides the ability to supply a few hundred kilograms of catalysts for commercial testing and production. Environment and Profitability in the Israeli Chemical Industry The Ministry of the Environment in Israel is running a series of conferences on ‘Environment and Profitability in the Chemical Industry’.The first of these on environmentally sound production processes and product design was held in Tel Aviv on March 15 1999. The 1-day meeting was well attended by representatives from the Israeli chemical and allied industries. The opening remarks were made by the Chief Scientist at the Ministry of the Environment Professor Uri Mingelgrin. The first session on Eco efficiency was opened by the guest speaker Professor James Clark from the University of York UK who described the growing importance of green chemistry in research chemical manufacture and education. Other presentations in this session covered the criminal responsibility of employees and ISO14000. In the second session economic and environmental aspects of innovations in the treatment of water and air systems were considered.Presentations covered the use of bacteria and supercritical technologies in the treatment of industrial effluents the chemical treatment of refrigeration systems without brine production the use of solar systems in the chemical industry ecotechnical plants for industrial effluent treatment and cleaning gas emissions. The third and final lecture session focused on implementations and included discussion of the fifth European framework programme mapping and defining emissions from the chemical industry and applications for hydrogen peroxide in the chemical industry. The day finished with a panel discussion on the issue of cooperation between industry and the Ministry of the Environment to achieve common goals.Green Chemistry at Anaheim Andrea Watson and John Rafelt (graduate students in the Green Chemistry Group at the University of York UK) report from the ACS National Meeting TThe 217th American Chemical Society National Meeting at Anaheim California from 21–25 March 1999 contained a one-day Green Chemistry Symposium within the Environmental Chemistry Programme. This symposium was organised by Tracy Williamson of the EPA and Joe Breen of the Green Chemistry Institute. The morning session consisted of presentations on technical advances while the afternoon was concerned with educational issues. Green chemistry technical session Joe Breen opened the Green Chemistry program by thanking the audience for their attendance and stating that both the government and academia appreciated their interest.New publications and revised texts were given as evidence for the increasing awareness of green chemistry specifically the birth of the RSC’s Green Chemistry journal and the inclusion of a chapter entitled ‘Aromatic Compounds in Green Chemistry’ in the Tel Aviv—the venue for a conference on environmentally sound production processes and product design. E V E N T SGC Herbert C. Brown Award for Creative Research in Synthetic Methodology Another highlight of the 217th ACS Meeting was the presentation of the 2nd Herbert C. Brown Award to Professor Barry M. Trost of Stanford University for his work in ‘Inventing Reactions for Atom Economy’.The award was presented to Professor Trost by the recipient of the first award Professor Herbert C. Brown himself. Everyone in the enormous audience appreciated the massive contribution to organic chemistry made by the two recipients of the Award which is sponsored by Aldrich Chemical Co. Inc. The presentation was followed by an excellent lecture by Professor Trost which illustrated some of the work which had formed the basis of his contribution to the subject of atom economy. His overriding principle was that of using addition reactions of varying degrees of complexity to replace other less atom efficient routes. Many of these reactions were invented in the course of his work and are based on organometallic catalytic reactions often involving ruthenium complexes.The ability to have excellent chemoselectivity and avoid the use of protecting groups is another key feature of this chemistry and the use of such principles in simplifying complex synthetic pathways was spectacularly illustrated by the reduction of a 30-step route to 6 steps. 7th edition of Solomons organic textbook. As an example of green chemistry being incorporated into everyday life it was mentioned that the first dry cleaning shops to use liquid carbon dioxide as opposed to chlorinated solvents had opened in Boston and St. Louis. It also turned out that Breen’s own suit had been cleaned using this new environmentally friendly method.In the first lecture Rajender Varma (Sam Houston University Huntsville Texas) spoke of solventless syntheses using supported reagents and microwaves. Microwave irradiation of heterogeneous systems involving just the neat reactants in the presence of a solid mineral support has delivered significant rate enhancements. This is due to the Green Chemistry June 1999 G77 E V E N T S C G presence of adsorbed organics on the solid surface which absorb microwaves causing localised heating. The advantages of using solid phase rather than solution phase chemistry are numerous l Good dispersion of the active reagent results in an improvement of reactivity. l The constraints of the pores and the characteristics of surface adsorption can result in a useful improvement in reaction selectivity.l Solids are generally safer and easier to handle than liquids. l Elimination of organic solvents prevents pollution at source l As both products and the support/ catalyst are recyclable the method is environmentally benign in nature. Varma outlined an overwhelming number of organic syntheses carried out under solid phase conditions. The wide range of reactions covered (protections/deprotections cyclizations rearrangements oxidations reductions) all yielding high conversions and selectivities gave a feel for the extent of activity and success already achieved in this field. In the second lecture Duncan Macquarrie (University of York UK) spoke about the use of chemically modified silicas as catalysts for green chemistry.Two preparation procedures were outlined (see top box) one being a two-step grafting synthesis and the other a one-pot sol–gel procedure using a micelle template. The properties of the materials were related to the criteria necessary for an ideal catalyst and the application of the most promising materials in organic syntheses was discussed. An ideal catalyst would have a high surface area with well-defined pores be robust and have flexibility overloading and surface polarity. Materials prepared by the templating method make particularly attractive catalysts. Pore sizes are welldefined and tuneable stability is good and loadings which may be easily varied may be as high as 4.85 mmol g–1 (at least 5 times higher than that achieved previously).A bifunctional phenyl/aminopropyl hexagonal mesoporous silica was reported to be a particularly highly active base catalyst for the Michael and Knoevenagel reactions. In the third lecture Bruno Rindone (University of Milan Italy) outlined the use of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a catalyst for bimolecular coupling reactions of phenoxyl radicals. Although the active component of the enzyme is the iron metal centre it is encapsulated within a protein and so G78 Green Chemistry June 1999 presents no environmental threat. Organic compounds obtained from such reactions have an important biological role they constitute organic polymers such as lignin lignans suberin and algal cell wall.The problem with many bimolecular phenoxyl radical coupling reactions is that contrary to biological oxidation they do not proceed under strict regio- and stereospecific control. However in his presentation Rindone reported that enantioselective oxidative phenol coupling of a ferulic acid amide had been achieved using HRP as catalyst and the ethyl (S)-alaninate group as chiral auxiliary. OH H2O2 Horseradish Peroxidase OH OH + O OH The second session was opened with the second presentation of the morning from Rindone. Entitled ‘Green Oxidations’ the merits of functionalising unactivated carbon–hydrogen bonds was discussed. With the majority of the work concerning the use of ozone applications including the preparation of amides from amines the oxidation of cyclodecane and the oxidation of decalins supported the use of this oxidant for environmentally friendly synthesis.Highlighting another area of clean synthesis Gunilla Jacobson (Los Alamos National Labs) gave an informative review of biphasic catalysis with particular reference to the use of water/carbon dioxide micellar systems. The main advantage of this supercritical system is that it allows easy phase separation of products by a reduction in temperature and pressure. Using a homogeneous ruthenium catalyst with an organo-phosphorus salt the oxidation of higher olefins to aldehydes was shown to be greatly enhanced using this method.The last presentation of the session was given by Partch of Clarkson University NY concerning the synthesis of heterocycles via reactions on photo semiconductor surfaces. The external functionalisation of titania particles with alkyl functions terminating in nitro aromatic groups was explained and electrolysis of this species was shown to cause reduction of the nitro functions to aniline functions. This technique represents a useful tool for surface modification without the use of heavy metals and hydrogen. O NO2 TiO2 Reduction O NH2 TiO2 An interesting and informative morning highlighting the variety of areas in which old traditional chemical methods are being carried out more efficiently utilising methods which produce little waste and high conversion.Educational presentations The first talk of the afternoon session was given by Joe Breen and was entitled ‘ACS/EPA Green Chemistry Educational Outreach Project’. This project involves about 30 academics and industrialists who are working to generate educational material for the undergraduate and graduate levels. The project was initiated at a planning conference in Washington DC in October 1998. The aims of the project team include the development of curriculum material to be incorporated in ‘Chemistry in Context’ and ‘ChemCom’ two very popular chemistry textbooks. Material for popular chemistry magazines will also be developed and promoted. Drop-in modules for existing courses are also planned and will include laboratory material as well as case studies (discussed in more detail by Mike Cann–see below).Professional Development short courses in Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry are also under development. Dissemination of the activities of the project is planned through brochures newsletters conferences and presentations at conferences and in lecture tours. The next speaker Conrad Stanitski (University of Central Arkansas) is the author of ‘Chemistry in Context’. His presentation was centred on the theme of green chemistry being a vehicle for improving the image of chemistry by putting various events into a historical perspective. By doing this one can show how chemistry can improve quality of life and solve the problems which can arise along the way.‘Chemistry in Context’ is written for non-science majors (who must still take one science option) and uses issues to introduce the chemistry. His ideas for integrating green chemistry into ‘Chemistry in Context’ include the use of the Presidential Awards as a source of material for Web-based exercises and by Green chemistry discussed at Anaheim l Solid-phase reactions l Microwaves in synthesis l Modified silicas as catalysts l Bimolecular phenoxyl radical coupling reactions l Green oxidations l Biphasic catalysis l Atom economy l Heterocyclic synthesis via reactions on photo semiconductor surfaces the addition of halon substitutes such as Pyrocool (itself a Presidential award winner) and water and carbon dioxide-based cleaning systems into existing chapters.Synthetic chemistry such as the classic BHC ibuprofen synthesis would also make an excellent example. Stanley Manahan (University of Missouri) gave a talk on green chemistry in the context of general environmental chemistry. He discussed the overall transformations which take place in all parts of the environment and how events in one part can influence those in other apparently separate parts. The importance of understanding the whole rather than just individual parts was discussed. The chemistry of the ozone layer and its effects on the whole planet’s chemical and biochemical processes was put forward as an excellent example of this and of how environmental chemistry can identify and solve problems.The development of CFCs as excellent refrigerants which turn out to have serious drawbacks and the subsequent elucidation of their atmospheric chemistry followed by the production of improved replacements is a dramatic example of how an overview of processes in all parts of the planet can be used to put forward intelligent measures in a reasonable timeframe. John Warner of UMASS gave a very lively talk on green chemistry in an undergraduate setting in particular non-science majors. The major issues he identified here were the opinions of nonscientists of science the difficulties in communicating the many benefits and excitement of science and the perception of industry.Again green chemistry can be used as an ideal vehicle for the communication of good news from chemistry as it relates to the improvement of many products and processes which everyone experiences in daily life. Their perception of the positive role of chemistry is thus enhanced and the efforts to minimise the negative aspects are simultaneously explored. As an ex-industrialist he also discussed the need for industry to incorporate more and more green chemistry into R&D. The scale-up process is often when potential environmental difficulties first become apparent but this is often too late to solve them effectively (for a further discussion of this topic see the article by Jim Bashkin in Issue 2 of Green Chemistry).The incorporation of green chemistry into the earliest stages of a products life will help industry government and academia the latter through a richer source of case E V E N T SGC Green chemistry resources recommended at Anaheim l Green Chemistry journal (RSC) l ‘Aromatic Compounds in Green Chemistry’ in the 7th edition of Solomons organic textbook l ACS/EPA Green Chemistry Educational Outreach Project materials l ‘Chemistry in Context’ by Conrad Stanitski (University of Central Arkansas) studies. John also gave details of an annotated bibliography on green chemistry which he is currently producing. The use of the Presidential Green Chemistry Awards as a source of project material was introduced by Mike Cann (University of Scranton).In an excellent presentation Mike gave a thorough account of an exercise developed by him which uses Presidential Award winners’ proposals as a source of information. Groups of students each choose one of the Award projects as the basis for a poster presentation. The students work through the proposals and identify both the problem and the solution arrived at by the proposer. This makes them define the real nature of the green chemistry involved and the approach taken by the award winner. The students have to gather extra information from the Web and must also contact the award winner to discuss the chemistry. This poster event is run in the Environmental Chemistry Section of a Chemistry/Biology course and lasts one semester.The final talk of the session was given by Ralph Taylor-Smith of Lucent Technologies. He introduced the audience to the work of the Lucent Foundation. This foundation was set up to fund projects in the area of Industrial Ecology environmental issues and awards grants annually to fund projects in environmental research. These grants are available to anyone and currently around a quarter of the 60–70 proposals (most but not all from the US) receive funding. Typical project duration is 2 years and the projects are split roughly 50:50 between physical science /engineering and policy / management / law. Academic partners are provided with an industrial mentor to facilitate technology transfer.Green Chemistry June 1999 G79 E V E N T S C G The foundation has recently been joined in this work by the National Science Foundation (http://www.nsf.gov/). Ralph’s parting comments were that the real challenge from his viewpoint was converting the principles of green chemistry to industrial manufacturing practice. Optimisation of Environmental Properties in the Development of New Chemical Products In recognition of the increasing importance to consider environmental issues during the synthesis application and disposal of new chemical products a 1-day seminar to address these problems was organised by the LGC in conjunction with Peter Fisk Associates. This meeting held on 30th March 1999 at the University of Greenwich UK attracted over 50 delegates from industry and academia.Lecturers with experience in regulatory affairs bio-organic chemistry ecotoxicology green chemistry and the chemical industry were invited to give their views on the problems that must be considered if the environmental impact of new chemicals is to be improved. Early consideration of green issues The introduction by the chairman Professor Tony Beezer of the University of Kent set the scene for the day by outlining how current approaches to new chemical synthesis where consideration of regulatory affairs is only made at a late stage of development must change. This view was given further support by Elizabeth Surkovic of the Chemicals Industry Association and Dr Steve Robertson of the Environment Agency.Both stressed the importance for industry to assess the safety of new products at an early stage of development and reconsider the use of particularly hazardous preparations avoid the formation of toxic side-products and minimise undesirable properties of the new product. Overall the opinion was that the profile of the chemical industry is dependent on a more cautious and responsible approach being adopted towards the risks posed to the environment by the use of hazardous chemicals. G80 Green Chemistry June 1999 Biodegradability bioaccumulation and ecotoxicology The next session of the meeting addressed ways in which these factors should be considered in designing environmentally friendly chemicals.Dr Gary Robinson Lecturer in Environmental Biotechnology at Kent University discussed the role of microorganisms in chemical biotransformation and biodegradation stressing the importance of maintaining enzyme–molecule compatibility when adding functional groups to biodegradable compounds Methods for assessing the bioaccumulation of potentially toxic compounds were then discussed by Dr Peter Fisk. Bioaccumulation encompasses 3 main themes the concentration of the toxic compound between water and the microorganism the accumulation of the compound in the organism and the subsequent uptake of the toxic compound in the food chain. In practice measurement of bioaccumulation is expensive requiring field tests so predictive models based on the use of the octanol–water partition coefficient are preferred in the initial stages of assessment.Expanding this theme to the assessment of ecotoxicology Dr Andrew Girling a consultant ecotoxicologist discussed the consequences of introducing toxic chemicals into the environment and methods that are being developed to allow all chemical manufacturers large and small to test the toxicity of their new compounds. Recent developments include the availability of ECO test kits which allow laboratories to grow small cultures of organisms including Daphnia (water flea) and fish eggs to test the effect of their new chemicals. Overall it was emphasised that the use of these tests at an early stage of a project would be more cost effective than having long running projects aborted at the final assessment stage of the product.Implementing chemical assessment Dr John Mitchell and Professor Dick Hyde of the University of Kent combined their respective research experiences in bio-organic chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry in the afternoon session to discuss new tools available for chemical assessment. They explained how advances in drug discovery technology such as high throughput screening methods should allow databases of molecular properties to be compiled and enable the assessment of environmental acceptability of suitable chemicals at very early stages of the project. Think green! The importance of re-education of chemists to think ‘Green’ was then stressed by Professor James Clark of the University of York Clean Technology Centre who explained how the poor image of the chemical industry can have a detrimental effect on the popularity of chemistry at an undergraduate level.He described the aims of the RSC Green Chemistry Network which hopes to promote awareness of the practice of green chemistry in industry academia and schools through considering waste prevention rather than removal. Two case histories where such an approach has been successful were then presented by Dr Roger Van Egmond of Unilever and Dr Nigel Battersby of Shell who discussed their respective experiences in the development of biodegradable cationic surfactants and hydraulic fluids. The meeting was concluded by Dr Peter Fisk who suggested some approaches that could be adopted by laboratory management to implement the ideas presented during the meeting. Karen Wilson University of York ET’99 ET’99 which runs at the NEC Birmingham UK from June 8–10 1999 will include a 3-day seminar with the following six themes l Understanding the implications of the integrated pollution prevention control (IPC) directive l The practicalities of working with the environmental impact assessment (EIA) directive l Water successfully managing resources l Successfully meeting the challenges of waste management l Effectively managing and remediating contaminated land l Using performance indicators environmental benchmarking and performance management systems to improve your company’s environmental accountability The speakers will include representatives from the Environment Agency DETR The Institute for Environmental Assessment AEA Technology Environment and the Environmental Services Association. Further information on the event can be obtained from IBC UK Conferences Ltd (Tel +44 (0)171 637 4383; Fax +44 (0)171 631 3214).

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g75

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC

摘要:

Conference Diary JULY 1999 Gordon Research Conference on Green Chemistry Queen’s College Oxford UK (http://www.grc.uri.edu/programs/1999/green.htm) Advances in Polymerisation Methods Controlled Synthesis of Functional Polymers Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Prague Czech Republic (sympo@imc.cas.cz) Pre-OMCOS Symposium on Organometallics and Catalysis Rennes France (http://www.univ-rennes 1.fr/umr6509/pre-OMCOS) 10th IUPAC Symposium on Organometallic Chemistry Directed towards Organic Synthesis Versailles France (genet@ext.jussieu.fr) 7th International Symposium The Activation of Dioxygen and Homogeneous Catalytic Oxidation-ADHOC99 University of York UK (http://www.rsc.org/lap/confs/adhoc-99.htm) AUGUST 1999 218th American Chemical Society National Meeting with Symposium on Green Chemistry Chemicals and Materials from Renewable Resources New Orleans USA (natlmtgs@acs.org) SEPTEMBER 1999 4th European Congress on Catalysis (Europacat 4) Catalysis and Chemical Technologies for a Sustainable Future Pala Congressi Rimini Italy (http://www.fci.unibo.it/ec4) The 2nd Post-Graduate Summer School September 6–12 on Green Chemistry Venice Italy.(http://hydra.unive.it/inca/summer/index2.htm) July 11–16 July 12–15 July 15–16 July 18–22 July 19–23 August 22 September 5–10 Biotrans ‘99 Giardini Naxos-Taormini Sicily Italy (http://dept.chem.polimi.it/biotrans) OCTOBER 1999 Catalysis Technology Car Boot Sale Weston Building Manchester Conference Centre Manchester UK (http://www.chemsoc.org/bootsales/home.htm) 3rd European Biofuels Forum Palais des Congres Brussels Belgium NOVEMBER 1999 GRIF‘99 (Gateway to Renewable Industrial Feedstocks) John Innes Centre Norwich UK (http://www.actin.co.uk) Environment China ‘99 Guangzhou China (environment@gima.de) International Congress of Chemistry and Environment Indore India (http://www.chemenviron.com) January 2000 2nd Asia-Pacific Congress on Catalysis Sydney Australia (http://www.chemsoc.org/events/_ events/00001018.htm) APRIL 2000 CAPoC5–5th International Congress on April 12–14 Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control Universite Libre de Bruxelles Belgium (http://www.ulb.ac.be/sciences/surfcat/CAPoC5/) MAY 2000 16th Canadian Symposium on Catalysis Banff Alberta Canada (http://www.gch.ulaval.ca/~sayari/16csc/) D I A R Y September 26 –October 1 October 7 October 11–13 November 2–3 November 2–5 November 27–30 January 31 –February 2 Green Chemistry June 1999 G81 C G May 23–26

ISSN:1463-9262    

DOI:10.1039/gc990g81

出版商:RSC    

年代:1999

数据来源: RSC