ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Evidence that bottle-feeding is a stressor for inefficient preterm infant feeders is seen in untoward changes in the physiologic system and nutritive sucking patterns.Objective:To determine whether a therapeutic technique, oral support (cheek and jaw support), would influence the cardiopulmonary functions or nutritive sucking patterns of preterm infants during feeding.Methods:A crossover repeated measures design was used with 20 preterm infants for a total of 40 bottle-feeding sessions. The Whitney Mercury Strain Gage and a Nonin Cardiopulmonary monitor were used to observe sucking characteristics and cardiopulmonary functions during feeding.Results:Infants not receiving support paused longer (F= 6.37,df= 5,p< .001) and more frequently (F= 5.01,df= 5,p< .001) than supported infants. There were no differences between the groups in the number of sucks and bursts, the burst duration, the stability of the total sucking activity, or the rate of sucking. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) values, heart rate, and respiratory rate did not differ between the groups during feeding. Postfeeding SaO2levels were lower than prefeeding levels for infants not receiving oral support (t= 0.96,df= 19,p= .03).Conclusion:Oral support provided stability for the jaw and fostered the return of the infant's prefeeding SaO2values, but it did not interfere with cardiopulmonary function during feeding. Further research is needed to determine whether there is a cumulative effect of oral support, and whether it influences state behavior.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Cognitive processes mediate judgments of sensation intensity and the perception of breathlessness. These processes depend on focused attention to make a determination, which has not been systematically investigated.Objective:To examine the effect of attention on the perception of breathlessness given alterations in attentional focus based on the subject's experience with the perception.Methods:Magnitude estimation techniques with inspiratory airflow resistance were used to examine the influence of variations in attentional focus on the judgments associated with the perception of breathlessness. Two experimental magnitude estimation conditions were used to alter the focus of attention and compare it with traditional techniques as a control condition (CC). The subject's typical breathing pattern (EXP-T) and clearest memory of breathlessness (EXP-M) were used as references in the experimental conditions.Results:Findings revealed a significant main effect for condition (CC vs. EXP-T:F= 4.82,p< .01; CC vs. EXP-M:F= 14.82,p< .01) and an interaction effect for group by condition (CC vs. EXP-T:F= 4.82,p< .03; CC vs. EXP-M:F= 5.15,p< .03).Post hocanalysis revealed significant differences only for the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) group in both comparisons.Conclusions:Findings indicate that different focuses of attention based on previous exposure to sensations have an impact on judgments used to determine the intensity of a sensation given similar presentation of stimuli, and thus contribute to alterations in the perception of breathlessness.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Tuberculosis is an important public health concern among migrant farmworkers in the United States; providing appropriate screening and treatment is difficult due to their highly mobile existence.Purpose:To analyze the relationship between variables (susceptibility, severity, barriers, benefits, cues to action, normative beliefs, subjective norm, attitude, and intention) from the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and participation by Mexican migrant farmworkers in a tuberculosis screening program.Method:A convenience sample of 206 migrant farmworkers were recruited after a presentation of a tuberculosis education program and were tracked during the administration and reading of the tuberculosis skin test. Participants were interviewed in Spanish by the principal investigator using the Tuberculosis Interview Instrument (TII) developed for this study.Results:Most subjects were male, aged 18-27 years, and had less than a sixth-grade education. Of the 206 subjects, 152 (73.4%) received the skin test, 149 (98%) had the skin test read, and 44 (29.5%) had positive skin tests. Based on logistic regression analysis, the model that best predicted intention included cues to action, subjective norm, susceptibility, and attitude. Participation in screening was best predicted by a model containing only two variables: intention and susceptibility.Conclusions:In this study, logistic regression analysis revealed that a more parsimonious model than the full HBM and TRA model accurately predicted both intention and behavior. The findings may be helpful in developing tuberculosis education and screening programs for Mexican migrant farmworkers.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:There has been a lack of agreement regarding whether women have poorer outcomes than men following cardiac surgery.Objectives:To examine the effect of gender on early recovery from cardiac surgery.Method:Using a prospective descriptive design, 60 men and 60 women who had coronary artery bypass and/or valve surgery completed the study by participating in interviews in the immediate preoperative period and monthly through the third postoperative month. Measures of life quality, life satisfaction, expected/perceived recovery, functional status, global health status, and social support were examined.Results:Preoperatively, women were more functionally limited (p= 0.019), and reported lower life satisfaction (p= 0.001) and social support (p= 0.006), than men. At 3 months postoperatively, there were few significant differences in outcome measures though women continued to report lesser social support (p= 0.002); women realized significantly greater improvement than men in functional status (p= 0.008); and neither age nor gender consistently predicted recovery.Conclusions:Recent studies focusing on gender differences in cardiac surgery recovery indicate fewer differences between men and women than once thought. However, the differences identified in this study (women's significantly greater improvement in functional status, lesser social support, and differences in the nature of work to which women return following their surgery) warrant concern and attention in clinical practice.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Some researchers have reported on the cascading effect of transformational leadership across hierarchical levels. One study examined this effect in nursing, but it was limited to a single hospital.Objectives:To examine the cascading effect of leadership styles across hierarchical levels in a sample of nursing departments and to investigate the effect of hierarchical level on the relationships between leadership styles and various work outcomes.Methods:Based on a sample of eight hospitals, the cascading effect was tested using correlation analysis. The main sources of variation among leadership scores were determined with analyses of variance (ANOVA), and the interaction effect of hierarchical level and leadership styles on criterion variables was tested with moderated regression analysis.Results:No support was found for a cascading effect of leadership across hierarchical levels. Rather, the variation of leadership scores was explained primarily by the organizational context. Transformational leadership had a stronger impact on criterion variables than transactional leadership. Interaction effects between leadership styles and hierarchical level were observed only for perceived unit effectiveness.Conclusions:The hospital's structure and culture are major determinants of leadership styles.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Background:Although many women quit smoking during pregnancy, the majority resume smoking shortly after giving birth.Objectives:To test a program to prevent smoking relapse in the postpartum period by comparing the rates of continuous smoking abstinence, daily smoking, and smoking cessation self-efficacy in treatment and control groups.Methods:In a randomized clinical trial, nurses provided face-to-face, in-hospital counseling sessions at birth, followed by telephone counseling. The target population included women who quit smoking during pregnancy and who gave birth at one of five hospitals. The 254 participating women were interviewed 6 months after delivery and assessed biochemically to determine smoking status.Results:The 6-month continuous smoking abstinence rate was 38% in the treatment group and 27% in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .96 - 2.78). Significantly more control (48%) than treatment (34%) group participants reported smoking daily (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.08 - 2.99). Smoking cessation self-efficacy did not vary significantly between the groups.Conclusions:Smoking cessation interventions focusing on the prenatal period have failed to achieve long-term abstinence. Interventions can be strengthened if they are extended into the postpartum period.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:2000

数据来源: OVID