ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The effects of several measures of social support on three health behavior practices during pregnancy—abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes, and caffeine—were explored. Both specificity of support and the distinction between perceived and received support were examined. The sample consisted of 529 pregnant women who completed written questionnaires and telephone interviews. Analyses showed that specific perceived and received support were significant and largely independent predictors of all three behaviors. General social support, however, was not a significant predictor of any of the behaviors. Although others have found perceived support rather than received support to be the critical component of social support in its stress-buffering effects on health, this study offers evidence that received support is also important for facilitating positive health behaviors.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Maternal employment, cesarean birth, and infant difficultness were used to test the mediating effect of perceived stress and the stress-buffering role of health practices on maternal identity. One hundred seventy-three mothers returned a parenting survey that focused on: stressors, perceived stress, health practices, maternal identity, and a demographic profile. Work status and infant difficultness were related to perceived stress. Neither had direct effects on maternal identity, but were related to it through the mediating effects of perceived stress. While health practices did not show buffering effects between stressors and perceived stress, these did contribute additively to the prediction of stress perception. Also, health practices contributed additively to the prediction of identity. Notable among the health practices predicting identity were self-actualizing expression, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress management. These findings support a stress process model of parenting in which: (a) effects of stressors on maternal identity are mediated by perception of stress, and (b) health practices contribute positively and directly to maternal identity.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Two theoretical models, grief and learned helplessness, were compared for relative explanatory applicability for responses of women to battering. Ninety-seven battered women were compared with 96 nonbattered women who were also having serious problems in an intimate relationship with a man. The two groups were similar on the majority of model variables, including self-esteem (TSCS), self-care agency (DSCAI), self-blame, depression (BDI), and control in the relationship. Both groups scored significantly below normative groups in self-esteem. The battered women had more frequent and severe physical symptoms of stress and grief and had thought of or tried more solutions to the relationship problems. Both models had significant explanatory power, especially for battered women, and were equally applicable for formulating theory and nursing care interventions.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Mothers and fathers of children with Down syndrome1were surveyed on overall patterns of adjustment and on frequency of chronic sorrow and coping behaviors. Fathers overwhelmingly (83%) depicted their adjustment in terms of steady, gradual recovery, while the majority of mothers (68%) reported a peaks-and-valleys, periodic crises pattern;x2= 8.64, p < .01. Mothers also reported higher frequencies for chronic sorrow as well as for behaviors such as self-blame and expression of negative affect. Thus, mothers and fathers in the same family may experience distinct differences in adjustment and coping as parents of a handicapped child.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of the study was to test a model, based on Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress-coping framework, on widowed persons' psychosocial health dysfunction after conjugal bereavement. Older widows (n = 100) and widowers (n = 59) were identified through church burial records and interviewed using the Ways of Coping Checklist, Sickness Impact Profile, and questionnaires to assess appraisal of bereavement and resources. Path analysis indicated that lower threat appraisal, more problem-focused and less emotion-focused coping, greater resource strength, and younger age had direct effects on reducing psychosocial health dysfunction, explaining 30% of the variance. Higher threat appraisal influenced the use of more problem- and emotion-focused coping strategies. Greater resource strength directly influenced lower threat appraisal. Sex and type of death affected psychosocial health dysfunction through their effect on resource strength.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of music on analogued labor pain using volunteer nulliparous subjects who were randomly assigned to treatment groups (n = 10 per group). Assessments of the treatments were made in a 1-hour session involving twenty 80-second exposures to a laboratory pain stimulus patterned to resemble labor contractions. In the first experiment, it was hypothesized that subjects listening to easy-listening music would report lower pain ratings and cardiovascular responses than subjects listening to rock music, self-selected music, or a dissertation (placebo-attention) and subjects in a no-treatment control group. No significant group effects were found; significant time effects were found for heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Subjects spontaneously reported using imagery as a pain reduction technique. In the second study a combination of music and imagery was examined by randomly assigning subjects to one of five groups: self-generated imagery with music (SIM), guided imagery with music (GIM), self-generated imagery without music (SI), guided imagery without music (GI), or no-treatment control. Again, no significant group effects were obtained. Significant time effects were obtained for heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Direct (intraarterial) and two indirect (using a mercury sphygmomanometer [MS] and an automatic [auscultatory] device) methods of blood pressure measurement were compared in intensive care patients (N = 32). One trained observer blind to both automatic and direct measurements obtained all indirect MS measurements. All direct and indirect measurements were made on the same arm. Direct measurements were obtained from 10-second strip chart recordings. In normotensive patients both indirect measurements of systolic blood pressure (SBP) underestimated the direct SBP; however, only the SBP value obtained with the automatic device (106 mm Hg) was significantly different, p < .05, from the direct SBP value (120 mm Hg). No significant difference was noted between methods in measurement of normotensive diastolic blood pressure. In hypertensive patients direct SBP was significantly greater, p < .05, from both values obtained by indirect measurement. In patients without hypotension the automatic device may be substituted for the MS and direct blood pressure methods. The automatic device may offer the advantage of decreasing observer bias and variability in blood pressure measurement.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Forty patients less than 4 years postrenal transplant rated the severity of 35 potential stressors on a 5-point scale. Patients then rated the extent to which they used each of 40 coping strategies to deal with stress. The most stressful items were cost factors and fear of kidney rejection; fear of not being accepted by family and friends was least stressful. Prayer and looking at the problem objectively were used most in coping with stress. Drug and alcohol use and blaming others for your problems were used least. Problem-oriented coping scores were significantly higher than affective-oriented scores, t (39) = —10.10, p < .001. Patients 24 to 48 months post-transplant had significantly higher total stressor scores than patients less than 2 years posttransplant. However, the rankings of stressors by mean severity ratings were significantly correlated. Patients 24 to 48 months posttransplant were not significantly different from patients up to 23 months posttransplant with respect to total coping scores and total problem-oriented scores, but they did differ significantly on total affective-oriented scores. The rank orderings of coping methods according to mean degree of use were significantly correlated between the two subgroups = .87. These findings suggest that renal patients may experience continuing stressors of moderate intensity as long as 4 years posttransplant.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1989

数据来源: OVID