ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure hope in adults and to evaluate its psychometric properties. A 40-item Miller Hope Scale (MHS) was developed based on critical elements of hope revealed in a comprehensive review of the literature and on an exploratory study of hope in persons who survived a critical illness. The instrument was critiqued by measurement and content experts, and content validity was established. The MHS was pretested on 75 subjects. The refined instrument was next evaluated using 522 healthy adults. The intent was to establish norms on the instrument before using it on ill subjects. The range of scores on the MHS is 40 to 200, with high scores indicating high hope. Mean hope score for this healthy sample was 164.46 (SD = 16.31). A leptokurtic curve, skewed to the left, was noted in these responses. As expected, the instrument detected high hope in individuals who were screened to have no physical or mental health problems. The internal consistency alpha coefficient was .93 with a 2-week test-retest reliability of .82. Criterion-related construct validity was established by correlating the MHS to the Psychological Well-Being Scale, r = .71, the Existential Well-Being Scale, r = .82, and a 1-item hope self-assessment, r = .69. Divergent validity with the Hopelessness Scale was established, r = -.54. Maximum likelihood factor analysis with oblimin rotation resulted in a three-factor solution: I, Satisfaction with Self, Others, and Life; II, Avoidance of Hope Threats; and III, Anticipation of a Future.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to develop a measure of learned helplessness. Based on a review of the literature, 50 items were developed for inclusion in the proposed Learned Helplessness Scale (LHS). On the basis of independent reviews by three experts, 20 items were selected for inclusion in the LHS. An individual's response to each item was graded, using a Likert scale. A standardized alpha reliability coefficient of .85 was obtained for a sample of 241 healthy adults. There was a positive correlation between the LHS scores and Beck's Hopelessness Scale (HS) scores (r = .252) and a negative correlation between the LHS scores and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (SES) scores (r = -.622). These correlations were in the direction postulated by various theorists. A Varimax-rotated factor analysis of the LHS data yielded five factors. Three of these factors tapped content relevant to the attributional styles of learned helplessness. Clinical data were also obtained on samples of oncology, hemodialysis, and spinal cord patients. Because the alpha reliability coefficients of the LHS and the Pearson product moment correlation coefficients between the LHS and the HS and the LHS and the SES were in the same direction, the instrument is believed to have adequate internal consistency.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to develop and carry out initial psychometric evaluation of a tool to measure stress in adults 65 years of age and older. The universe of stressors for this age group was elicited from 25 older adults, a literature review, and consultations with gerontological nursing experts. The stressors were ranked and weighted, using a Q-sort, by a sample of 43 adults 65 and over, resulting in the Stokes/Gordon Stress Scale (SGSS). The instrument was evaluated using reliability and validity measures. Test-retest reliability estimates yielded a Pearson's r ranging from .98 to .90. Coefficient alpha was .86. Pearson's r in a 1-year test of predictive validity was .36, p = .014; in tests of concurrent validity correlations ranged from .65 to .81. The SGSS can be used for clinical and research purposes to aid in assessing and planning care for the older individual.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in pregnant women's desire to learn infant care during the antepartal period. Desire to learn infant care was defined as (a) learning about practical aspects of infant care and (b) expressing the desire to become a caring mother. One hundred eighty-nine primiparous women were interviewed using an open-ended interview schedule. Responses were audiotaped and transcribed prior to data analysis. Each subject's interview transcript was categorized according to content related to desire to learn infant care and converted to a proportion that reflected the amount of desire to learn infant care as compared to the amount of total concern the subject addressed. The proportion scores representing three stages of the antepartal period were compared for statistical differences. Significant differences were found for overall desire to learn infant care and for the desire to learn infant care skills among the three stages of the antepartal period. No significant differences were found for desire to become a caring mother. Effects of socioeconomic status, previous early terminated pregnancy, and child care experience were explored.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of intensity-controlled, graded dance exercise and selected components of behavior modification on exercise adherence in overweight middle-aged women. Thirty-eight moderately overweight women, aged 35 to 58, participated in a 16 1/2-week dance exercise program. Participants were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 20) that received intensity-controlled, graded exercise and individual and group reinforcement, or to a control group (n - 18) that exercised at a moderate intensity typical of commercial fitness classes and received no special reinforcement. Before exercise training began and at the completion of 16 1/2 weeks, a structured, open-ended interview was conducted. Ninety-four percent of the women in both groups adhered to the program, an exceptionally high adherence rate for this population. Eight participantidentified factors seemed to have influenced exercise adherence: group homogeneity, carpooling and social networks, pleasurable feelings associated with increased energy and fitness, leader with a health-related background, time limitation of exercise program, commitment to an established goal, desire to change body image, and desire to change health status and improve physical health.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Recovery from postdisaster bereavement was the primary concern of this longitudinal study: would levels of mental distress and recovery reported 1 year following a natural disaster be better predictors of mental distress and recovery reported 3 years postdisaster than demographic variables, concurrent life stress, and mediating factors? The 119 bereaved and control participants studied in 1981, one year following the 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount Saint Helens, were recontacted in 1983; of these, 85 consented to follow-up. The 1983 data collection consisted of identical measurement tools and procedures used in 1981. Three regression analyses addressed prediction of mental distress and recovery. The first two analyses compared disaster-bereaved and nondisaster-loss controls; the third pertained only to the bereaved. For the bereaved/control comparisons, 1981 levels of mental distress, age, sex, education, and 1983 levels of negative life stress, self-efficacy, and social support were predictors of the dependent variable, mental distress., For the bereaved group, 1981 mental distress and 1983 self-efficacy scores were the only significant predictors of 1983 mental distress. In the control group, two additional variables, sex and concurrent negative life stress, were also significant predictors of 1983 mental distress. In the final regression analysis, predictors of self-rated recovery, importance of the deceased person rated by the bereaved 1 year postdisaster, and beliefs of preventability of death reported 3 years postdisaster were predictors of 1983 recovery. Only importance of the deceased person was a significant predictor in the latter analysis. Results suggest that recovery is a lengthy process and that much remains to be learned about influencing factors.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcPO2) and body temperature were monitored for the duration of feeding sessions in five small preterm infants who served as their own controls for bottle-feeding (BoF) and breast-feeding (BrF). Longitudinal data were collected twice weekly for BoF and BrF sessions from infants' first oral feeding until discharge, for a total of 71 feeding sessions: 32 BoF and 39 BrF. Markedly dissimilar for the two feeding methods, tcPO2patterns suggested less ventilatory interruption during BrF than BoF. Sequential tcPO2values at baseline, immediately postfeed, and 10 minutes postfeed were significantly different for the feeding methods, with greater declines for BoF. Maximal temperature change, calculated by subtracting the baseline from the most extreme temperature for each feeding session, indicated that infants became significantly warmer during BrF than BoF. Although the small sample size necessitates replication, these results do not support the widely held assumption that BrF is more stressful than BoF for small preterm infants.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

摘要:

Data from a survey of 241 Montana school children, Indian and white, were used as a basis for examining the psychometric properties of the Piers-Harris Self–Concept Scale. Strong estimates of internal consistency and support for construct validity were found. Studies using the Piers–Harris scale over the past 15 years have indicated that ethnic minority status per se is not related to lower self-concept score and that the scale is a reliable measure for use with minority group children. However, validity of the scale with Indian children warrants further examination, particularly in relation to the differential effects of ethnic culture and social environment on the measurement of self-concept.

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID

ISSN:0029-6562    

出版商:OVID    

年代:1988

数据来源: OVID