摘要:

AbstractThe importance of the short time scale for the introduction of new energy technologies is indicated and the possible effects outlined. the barriers to changes in philosophy on energy matters are discussed and some approaches are suggested.

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030102

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe factors influencing indoor comfort temperatures are examined and it is found that the thermally neutral temperature depends on the outdoor mean temperature. It is also found that tolerable temperature swings lie between I and 2°C. It is also permissable to allow the temperature to drift gradually over days and weeks

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030103

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThis paper describes a comparative economic study of electric and hydraulic power transmission. the data and results apply to a particular site, but the methodology is generally applicable. the study used mathematical models of the various components in electromechanical and hydraulic power transmission systems to determine in each case the necessary energy input to supply a specified load cycle at the machine tool spindle. the study concludes that a central hydraulic system on the site studied would operate with 20 per cent less energy consumption than the existing electromechanical system. the economic appraisal of the merits of electromechanical and hydraulic power distribution systems is dominated by capital savings in the final drives; these are assessed.

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030104

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractEnergy storage efficiency is calculated for the solar thermochemical energy transfer system based on ammonia/hydrogen‐nitrogen. the calculation for this system involves generation of thermodynamic data not available in the literature by a method in which use is made of the available phase equilibrium measurements together with application of the criterion that the correct value of separation work for a two‐phase mixture must be generated internally by degradation of mixing heat. Energy storage efficiencies for ammonia/hydrogen‐nitrogen are derived from the generated thermodynamic data and are shown to increase towards unity as the endothermic reaction approaches completion, with efficiencies greater than 0.90 being obtained for reaction extents exceeding 0.60. the validity of the analysis has been tested successfully by comparison between the thermodynamic predictions and experimental data in the form of measurements of the waste heat rejected from a counterflow heat exchanger operated with liquid ammonia feed and ammonia/hydrogen‐nitrogen

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030105

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe economics of liquefying coal by catalytic hydrogenation have been examined for five cases. the first three cases determined the effect upon the cost of syncrude of producing a syngas from coal and steam suitable for making hydrogen at pressures of 44·7 psia, 500 psia and 1000 psia. In the fourth case a carbonization step was included which produced a char suitable for gasification and a liquid product which was upgraded to a syncrude consuming 2000 SCF of hydrogen per bbl. In the last case all of the coal was liquefied and a vacuum bottoms material gasified to produce hydrogen. For all five cases the cost of syncrude was calculated using discounted cash flow (DCF) rates of 10, 15, and 20 per cent coal costs of $10, $20, $30 and $40 per ton, and several methods of by‐product fuel valuation.Sensitivity analysis was performed on the operating costs, plant life, operating attainment schedule, and method of financing. Finally, a cost comparison between syncrude and natural World oil in the years 1985 and 1990, assuming yearly inflation rates of 5 and 10 per cent, has been ma

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030106

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractIn spite of its known shortcomings as a fuel for spark ignition engines, acetylene has been suggested as a possible alternative to petroleum‐based fuels since it can be produced from non‐petroleum resources (coal, limestone and water). Therefore, acetylene was evaluated in a single‐cylinder engine to investigate performance and emission characteristics with special emphasis on lean operation for NOxcontrol. Testing was carried out at constant speed, constant airflow and MBT spark timing. Equivalence ratio and compression ratio were the primary variables.The engine operated much leaner when fuelled with acetylene than with gasoline. With acetylene, the engine operated at equivalence ratios as lean as 0·53 and 0·43 for compression ratios of 4 and 6, respectively. However, the operating range was very limited. Knock‐induced preignition occurred either with compression ratios above 6 or with mixtures richer than 0·69 equivalence ratio.Both the indicated thermal efficiency and power output were less for acetylene fuelling than for gasoline.Acetylene combustion occurred at sufficiently lean equivalence ratios to produce very low NOxand CO emissions. However, when the low NOxlevels were achieved hydrocarbon control was not improved over that with gasoline.Despite the potential for NOxcontrol demonstrated in this study of acetylene fuelling, difficulties encountered with engine knock and preignition plus well‐known safety problems (wide flammability limits and explosive decomposition) associated with acetylene render this fuel impractical for spark igni

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030107

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractThe principal function of the chloroplast is to capture solar quanta and to store them in some stable form. We are in the process of trying to construct a totally synthetic system that would simulate some of the reactions of the two photosystems which occur in natural chloroplasts. These synthetic chloroplasts will not resemble the natural entitity in detailed construction, as they will contain no protein.

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030108

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

AbstractAn analysis of unsteady heat transfer in a two‐dimensional flow past an infinite porous plate has been carried out under the following conditions: (1) constant or variable suction; (2) free‐stream oscillating in time about a non‐zero constant mean; and (3) constant heat flux at the plate.Approximate solutions to the temperature field have been derived. the transient temperature, the amplitude and phase of the Nusselt number are shown on g

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030109

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030110

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0363-907X    

DOI:10.1002/er.4440030112

出版商:Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company    

年代:1979

数据来源: WILEY