摘要:

Migrating locusts, especially the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria), have been feared in Africa for thousands of years as famine‐inducing pests. Instead of simply waiting for outbreaks to occur, attempts are being made to take preventive action against these pests. Since the breeding areas of the desert locust are distributed across the entire Sahel region, the Arabian peninsula, Pakistan and India, a gigantic logistical and organizational effort is required. Every year, millions of dollars are spent on these preventive control measures, which are still unable to prevent locust plagues completely. The outbreaks in 1987/88 and 1993/94 are the most recent examples. Exactly how large potential disasters caused by gigantic locust swarms may be and whether the effort and expense involved in preventing them pays off economically has never been systematically investigated. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) project, ‘Integrated Biological Control of Grasshoppers and Locusts’, has attempted to assess, on the basis of the available data, what the costs and potential benefits are and to identify the difficulties involved in developing an effective st

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00327.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The long‐term psychological after‐effects of the 1992 Erzincan earthquake are examined. 461 subjects from Erzincan were administered a semi‐structured interview. Emotional distress was measured by a symptom checklist containing 40 items. 129 subjects from Ankara, the capital of Turkey, were also used as a comparison sample. The factor analysis revealed that distress symptoms can be grouped into phobic anxiety, somatization, depression and hostility. The comparison of the Erzincan and Ankara samples showed that the Erzincan sample had higher phobic anxiety scores, the females from Erzincan had higher distress as compared to the males from Erzincan and to both males and females from Ankara. Regression analyses showed that being female and evaluating one's home as insecure against future earthquakes were related to elevated levels of distress. Results showed that, even after sixteen months, Erzincan residents had higher phobic anxiety and that females seemed to be especially vulnerable to distress. Implications of the results for psychosocial intervention are disc

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00328.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Among Burundi refugees in Tanzania, men who have a university education and know English or French are most likely to represent their concerns to officials, particularly those from UNHCR. Officials consequently learn about the perspectives of refugees from these men. Based upon findings from two years of field, research in Tanzania, the history of relations between ethnic Hutu elites and the peasantry in Burundi is outlined and it is explained why education has assumed such pronounced significance in Burundi refugee society. The use of ethnicity as a political tool for elite refugees is also described. It is concluded that elite refugees may not, as is often claimed, represent the refugee majority.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00329.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The widely held view that malnutrition is a late indicator of famine is challenged on the basis of evidence that people often deliberately reduce their food intake as an early response to inadequate food security. This broadens the possible interventions in response to high malnutrition rates to include measures to support livelihoods under threat of collapse. In the late stages of famine, social disruption and distress migration often result in a degraded health environment which may raise the threshold of nutritional status associated with an increased mortality risk. It is important to assess the underlying causes of malnutrition and the associated health risks. At present, the main objective of nutrition surveys is usually to obtain a reliable estimate of the prevalence of malnutrition among children under five years of age, with little analysis of the underlying causes of malnutrition. Experience from the 1984‐85 famine in Darfur led to the development of an alternative approach to nutritional assessment which could be applicable elsewhere in Africa. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was particularly valuable as a means of gaining a wider and deeper understanding of the nature of the nutritional situatio

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00330.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Weight‐for‐height is widely used as an index of recent malnutrition and often forms the basis on which major policy decisions are made about nutrition interventions. This article illustrates potential for error in the calculation of weight‐for‐height. Comparisons are made between results obtained using the international reference figures published by the World Health Organization, the plasticized cards distributed by Teaching‐aids At Low Cost and by using the computer software package Epi Info (versions 5 and 6). An assessment is made of the errors introduced by treating supine measurements incorrectly as stature or by treating stature measurements as supine. Comparisons are also made between the use of standard deviation scores and percentages of the median. It is recommended that the international reference figures be published in a more convenient tabular form and that the plasticized cards and percentages of the median should not be used for studies involving international comparison. Investigators who plan to use Epi Info are advised to take into account the way in which it calculates weight‐for‐height when collecting and analyzing their height

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00331.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00332.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00333.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research project investigated the damage to public property caused by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The claims filed by state and local governments, special districts and non‐profit organizations under the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) disaster assistance program were analyzed to understand better the pattern of damage caused by the earthquake. These claims accounted for nearly $600 million. The damage distribution was very skewed with eleven agencies claiming more than 70 per cent of this total. Non‐profit agencies accounted for a surprisingly large portion of overall damage. Heavy damage was concentrated in relatively few areas. The extent of damage in an area was a function of concentration of property, site conditions, characteristics of building stock, and distance from the epicen

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00334.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00335.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00336.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1995

数据来源: WILEY