摘要:

Considerable progress has been made in volcanic disaster mitigation in the Philippines during the last four decades, since the devastating Hibok‐Hibok eruption in 1951 and the establishment of the Commission on Volcanology (COMVOL), the forerunner of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) in 1952. The management of the Pinatubo Volcano eruption crisis of 1991‐92 marks the highest point in the development of volcanic disaster mitigation in the country. State‐of‐the‐art volcano monitoring techniques and instruments were applied; the eruption was accurately predicted; hazards zonation maps were prepared and disseminated a month before the violent explosions; an alert and warning system was designed and implemented; and the disaster response machinery was mobilized on time. The unprecedented magnitude and lingering nature of the hazards, however, and their widespread, long‐term impacts have sorely tested the capability of the country's volcanic disaster mitigation systems. In particular, the lahar threat has triggered controversies and put decision makers in a dilemma of choosing between adaptive versus confrontational/control approaches. At least three strategies have been articulated and adopted in varying degrees and forms: (1) the establishment of a lahar monitoring‐warning‐evacuation system to deal with the lahar problem on an emergency basis; (2) relocation of settlements from the hazard zones; and (3) installation of engineering countermeasures to control/divert the lahar flows and protect settlements. A combination of the three appears to be the best, but the most effective and least costly mix remains t

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00281.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

By the end of 1991, less than half the amount of relief food requested for North Sudan at the beginning of the year had been delivered. Despite ample evidence of social and economic stress and high rates of child malnutrition, many donors felt that relief needs had been exaggerated, and were unwilling to accept that relief assistance was urgently needed. The feeble response of the main food aid donors is explained initially by the politics of relief in 1990/91, which seriously delayed the launch of the relief operation. These problems were compounded by an oversimplified understanding of famine among some sections of the relief community, and by the orientation of the international relief system to crisis indicators. Toward the end of 1991, donors argued that despite the shortfall in relief assistance there had been no deaths from starvation, and therefore local people had ‘coped’ better than expected. This paper challenges that view by arguing that excess deaths did occur, but went unnoticed and unremarked. Local people's ‘coping strategies’, which supposedly ‘saved the day’, actually had very negative and sometimes fatal c

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00282.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Botswana and Sudan experienced consecutive years of drought in the 1980s. Sudan faced a large decline in food entitlement and nutritional deterioration, which translated into famine in 1984/85. Botswana, on the other hand, nearly compensated income losses and averted nutritional deterioration and famine‐related deaths. There are important lessons to learn from the famine prevention experience of Botswana. Its strategy for dealing with drought and famine combines policies of steady economic growth with supplementary poverty alleviation and drought relief programs. To provide continuity and stabilization of market operations in times of distress, the country channels sufficient food through market chains, provides price support to preempt market collapse and augments the income of consumers through public income transfer programs to prevent demand failure. In addition, it maintains a responsive and accountable political system and a decentralized participatory administrative structure. While Sudan should develop policies that are compatible with its own environment, it is crucial that it recognizes the critical role of public action in promoting growth, alleviating poverty, and providing timely relief responses in times of anticipated growth failur

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00283.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Military forces of the United States and other countries possess training, equipment and capabilities that are suited for work in disaster preparedness and assistance. Information on the use of military units in domestic and foreign disaster‐related efforts, particularly by United States forces in the medical area, was obtained by review of the literature and unpublished military reports, and from interviews with people who have been involved with disaster‐related activities. The historical reasons for viewing United States forces as resources in disaster situations are identified. Additionally, issues and problems related to disaster preparedness and assistance in general, and more specifically, to the past and future use of military personnel for this mission are examined. The need for a defined military mission for emergency humanitarian assistance and the need for a military organizational structure to support this mission are identified. Once these two critical issues have been properly addressed, the United States military should participate in the establishment of a disaster institute for joint civilian‐military disaster planning and training, in both domestic and foreign

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00284.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1991 a computerized, comprehensive epidemiological surveillance system was developed to monitor health trends in approximately 25,000 acutely displaced Kurds in Nowsood and Saryas refugee camps, Bakhtaran region, Northwestern Iran. In addition, community‐based surveys offered information unobtainable from health facilities. Weekly population movements, attack rates, point‐prevalence estimates, and case fatality ratios were calculated, and the data were analysed and compared. The overall crude mortality rate (CMR) in the camps under study was still 9 times higher than the reported CMR for Iraq. Health problems with very low rates (less than 1.0/ 1,000 population/week) included the triad of measles, meningitis and tetanus. However, morbidity for the most common conditions (acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea, skin infections, eye diseases and, finally, typhoid fever) was shown to increase at the end of the intervention, highlighting that the pressure of repatriation on refugees made them progressively worse. This article concludes that epidemiological surveillance systems should be implemented during mass‐migrations in developing countries also in post‐emergency settings. Furthermore, surveillance appears to be indispensable in order for the international agencies to keep abreast of events and to safeguard human rights when international attention s

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00285.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00286.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00287.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00288.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00289.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Book reviewed in this article:Free at last? US Policy Toward Africa and the End of the Cold Warby Michael Clough.Grasshoppers and Locusts: The Plague of the Sahel.Panos Dossier 5, Panos Publications Ltd.Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia.An Africa Watch Report. Human Rights Watch, New York, September 1991.Ban Vinai: The Refugee Campby Lynellyn D. Long.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1994.tb00290.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1994

数据来源: WILEY