摘要:

Food security problems should be seen as “normal” in and endemic to subsistence agricultural groups in semi‐arid zones of developing countries. Natural, popular response mechanisms exist that address these problems when they are at “normal” levels. All response mechanisms in developing countries can be expected to be swamped in times of a major food emergency. During major crises international relief assistance will continue to play a crucial role. Attempts at imposing centralized, institutional social security systems that address the normal “pockets of need” syndrome will be extremely expensive, not self‐sustaining, and prone to failure. In that these efforts may undermine natural response mechanisms and draw scarce resources away from more logical, decentralized relief agencies these efforts may prove dangerously cou

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01147.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01148.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01149.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01150.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01151.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1605 a destructive earthquake affected the northern region of Hainan Island and adjacent parts of the Chinese mainland. Based on a detailed analysis of contemporary chronicles, the authors present a revision of the effects of the earthquake, and show that a sequence of strong shocks throughout 1605 caused cumulative damage and relatively heavy loss of life in Qiongshan. The subsidence of large areas of coast round Puqian Bay and Dongzhai Port is shown to be due to a combination of liquefaction caused by the shock, the occurrence of a typhoon associated with flooding and exacerbated by a high surge tide, as well as a long‐term process of active tectonic movement in the area; the subsidence was not caused by downthrow of the earth's crust during the shock. Topographical changes in the area, traced from historical maps, suggest that subsidence is continuing, but a survey of the long‐term seismicity of Hainan Island indicates that it is not an area of exceptional seismic r

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01152.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

During August 1986 Sydney experienced its worst flooding for decades. Some 2,500 properties were flooded and transport was severely disrupted in much of the metropolitan area. The flood provided an opportunity to examine the operation of a warning system in a major Australian city. Pre‐existing research into flood warnings was expanded to take advantage of the opportunity.The warning system is examined in terms of: its impact on flood losses; consumer satisfaction; and inefficiences or breakdowns within the system. Much of the flooded area was not covered by a formal warning system. For the area that was covered, performance could be improved. Problems were experienced with the data collection and transmission network. Warning dissemination was inadequate, and the majority of those surveyed claimed that they did not receive warnings. The actions of householders reduced the flood damage substantially, but this does not appear to be the result of official warnings. Key recommendations concern improving the reliability of the flood detection network and information managemen

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01153.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The costs of emergency response to flood disasters has received little attention. This paper presents and discusses a method for estimating the economic costs incurred through the use of the emergency services during flood events in Britain. First, a model of British emergency service response to flood events is presented. Secondly, cost evaluation principles relevant to each emergency service are discussed. Thirdly, a set of “standard” emergency service cost data are presented ‐ these data are derived from research based upon the model of response and the evaluation principles. Finally, the “standard” data are applied to the case of the York and Selby floods of 1982 where data from research on the reported actions and costs of each emergency service are compared with those predicted through the use of the “sta

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01154.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In 1984 and 1985, Chad was affected by a large scale drought. In order to ensure rapid decision making for the allocation of food and because of the practical problems encountered when using the classical nutritional survey methods, a Nutritional Score System (N.S.S) was developed. This method was based on the use of social, economic and nutritional indicators and allowed comparison of nutritional status between communities. This paper discusses how the N.S.S. was developed and applied, and how it compared with the classical survey methods.

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01155.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Famine early warning systems using socio‐economic data suffer from several problems. One is that they cannot, and do not attempt to, distinguish between qualitatively different kinds of famine. The second is that they cannot predict these either accurately or early enough. This is because all the socio‐economic indicators produce both false positives and false negatives, the indicators themselves are “late” and because interpretation of the data is complex and time‐consuming. The third problem is that within the context of a famine that is occurring, these indicators cannot predict excess mortality. The argument is illustrated with examples from the 1984–5 famine in Da

ISSN:0361-3666    

DOI:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1988.tb01156.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1988

数据来源: WILEY