摘要:

The future role of the social sciences in the specialist education of graduates who will work in the field of water resources is examined. The current comparatively small participation of university social science departments in such training is reviewed briefly, and proposed methods of interdisciplinary involvement are suggested, such as water resources topics for theses within the social sciences, service courses in a social science discipline for engineering and natural sciences students, and social science participation in water‐resource‐oriented seminars. Specific suggestions are advanced for participation of the social sciences in a water resources study program involving the long‐term interdisciplinary collaboration of social scientists with natural scientists and engineers in an integrated series of graduate courses and research seminars dealing with water resources problems, issues, and policies. A partial list of relevant areas and courses within the social sciences is proposed for discu

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00003

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Until the Federal Flood Control Act of 1936, very little activity was directed toward minimizing floods and reducing flood damage in the United States. Flooding in certain areas was considered something that must be endured like the weather. Most of the effort expended to reduce damage was by small groups and individuals and had very little effect. Since 1936, the Federal Government has spent large sums of money annually to control and minimize the effect of floods, yet flood damage continues to rise.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00011

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This paper formulates models of residential water demand and estimates the relevant parameters from cross‐sectional data. For the first time, it has been possible to differentiate not only between domestic (inside) and sprinkling uses but also among metered, flat‐rate, septic tank, and apartment areas. The major findings are: (1) domestic demands are relatively inelastic with respect to price; (2) sprinkling demands are elastic with respect to price, but less so in the west than in the east; (3) maximum day sprinkling demands, so important to system design, are inelastic in the west but relatively elastic in the east. The findings indicate that the elasticity of total demand, which this and other studies have found to be about −0.4, is a weighted average of the domestic and sprinkling elasticities. Longer term adjustments to price are empirically investigated, and the role of demand functions in pricing and system design is disc

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00013

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A simple model is developed for determining the socially optimum price to charge locationally differentiated irrigation districts for both surface and groundwater supplies. Steady‐state conditions are assumed for groundwater conditions and water demand functions. A divergence between social and private optimums arises from the existence of unadjudicated rights to groundwater supplies. The social optimum can be achieved by an appropriately conceived taxing policy. Water prices, tax rates, and optimum lift levels are estimated for seven irrigation districts, members of a master water agenc

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00033

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A relatively simple economic model for allocation of groundwater in time is developed. The economic consequences of altering various parameters in the model are examined with respect to the effect on equilibrium stocks and rate of use. The concept of a conditional decision rule for stochastic groundwater recharge and the properties of the implied equilibrium are discussed. In its simplest form, the derived decision rule is to equate marginal net output with respect to rate of use to capitalized marginal net output with respect to water stocks.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00045

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In planning regional water resource systems, water renovation and reuse on a large‐scale basis are virtually disregarded as serious alternatives to pollution abatement for future water use requirements. Where projects are wholly federally planned, the chief reason for this situation stems from current policy, which authorizes low‐flow augmentation as the sole tool of water quality management available to river‐basin planners on a nonreimbursable basis. This institutional constraint has introduced serious inefficiencies into federal expenditure programs for quality improvement [Davis, 1966;Natl. Acad. Sci., 1966].No public measures currently exist to induce municipalities to reclaim wastewaters, and if the only beneficiaries are downstream water users, the municipalities themselves are unwilling to take action. However, by enforcing high effluent standards and thereby forcing municipalities to expend large sums in waste treatment, pollution control agencies have improved the prospects for wastewater reclamation. Obviously, with sale of reclaimed effluent for water supplies or reutilization of reclaimed waters for recreation, upstream as well as downstream communities can benefit greatly through reclamation mea

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00057

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

In my recent paper [Stevens, 1966], estimates of demand functions and angling ‘success elasticities’ were presented for three sport fisheries as a methodological basis for determining recreation benefits from water pollution control. By utilizing success elasticities to shift the demand function for one of the fisheries (D0toD1in Figure 1), it was possible to argue that anglers would supply themselves with a lesser quantity of angling at some reduced level of angling success. If the reduced quantity of angling effort (S1) were to be rationed among the original users (D0), a price ofABwould be expected. Accordingly, benefits from preventing water pollution would accrue from avoiding this leftward shift of the demand funct

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00063

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The geophysical characteristics of the drainage basin and the biochemical and physical environment of the river affect the concentration of dissolved oxygen. These factors are embodied in the fundamental equation of continuity that describes the oxygen balance. The variation of the fresh‐water flow and cross‐sectional area is included, as well as the various sources and sinks of oxygen: natural and artificial aeration, the photosynthetic contribution, bacterial and algae respiration, carbonaceous and nitrogenous oxidation, and benthal deposits. Application of the basic equation is summarized by two general cases: the first in which bacterial respiration and spatial profiles are significant and the second in which the algae activity and the temporal changes are predominant. The equations provide technological functions for these cases to assess water quality and pollution and to determine the effect of many natural or artificial changes in the stream environm

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00065

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The growth rate of slime bacteria is limited when the attaching surface becomes completely covered with one layer of cells. At this point, the increase in mass of organisms shifts from logarithmic to linear with respect to time. A second growth limiting factor occurs when the thickness of the slime mass exceeds the limiting thickness for the diffusion of oxygen. From this point on, the rate of oxygen consumption will remain constant with respect to time. The maximum rate of nutrient removal from the substrate will occur when the slime thickness equals the limiting thickness for the diffusion of oxygen.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00081

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Theoretical values are not valid for the relation of fresh‐water head to the depth of the fresh‐water‐salt‐water interface beneath barrier islands when there is substantial motion of fresh groundwater and where the sedimentary deposits are not homogeneous or isotropic. Zones of fresh and salt water are stratified; fresh water occurs in zones of high permeability, whereas salty water occurs in zones of low permeability. Near Frisco, on Hatteras Island, North Carolina, the concentration of chloride in groundwater varies inversely with the relative permeability of the water‐bearing zones to a depth of about 140 feet. Permeable zones generally contain water with a chloride content of less than 100 ppm, whereas relatively impermeable zones contain water with a chloride content greater than 100 ppm. The position of the contact of fresh water with salt water depends on the permeability of the sediments at depth and is affected by differential flushing by fresh groundwater as a result of the retreat of the sea water originally saturating the entire stratification, rather than by fresh‐water head differences in the shallow aqu

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR003i001p00089

年代:1967

数据来源: WILEY