摘要:

The U.S. Water Resources Council has considered objectives in addition to national economic development for the evaluation of water projects. Cost‐sharing rules have not been proposed for the new objectives. A conceptual method is proposed for planning the nationally optimal project with multiobjectives. The data required for project evaluation with multiobjectives are used to apply a cost‐sharing rule that induces local interests to choose nationally efficient projects. The rule is recommended for traditional project purposes and some new purposes. It can be applied to a multiple‐purpose project without allocating project joint costs. A ceiling and a floor on local percentage cost shares of 100% and 20% of project costs, respectively, are considered for traditional purposes. Local percentage cost shares of 50% and 100% are considered for all costs allocated to environmental quality and regional development objectives, respect

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00001

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This research develops and illustrates composite trade‐off functions that can be used to display the relationship between the economic efficiency and environmental quality impacts of investment in a water resource project. The composite trade‐off model is applied to analysis of some aspects of environmental quality and economic efficiency in a Soil Conservation Service small watershed project. This application demonstrates the feasibility of using this technique and describes some environmental enhancement occurring through land treatment progr

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00011

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A dynamic programing model is formulated for the development of the hydroelectric potential of a river basin, with the objective of meeting power requirements projected over time at minimum discounted cost. Hydroelectric projects within the same river basin tend to be highly interdependent since upstream storage capacity creates technological external economies for downstream sites. These interdependences are accommodated within the model, and application to the sequencing of projects in a planning situation for a particular river basin demonstrates that these interdependencies do not increase significantly the difficulty of analysis.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00021

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A chance‐constrained model for multipurpose reservoir operation is reviewed and extended. The model minimizes required capacity subject to chance constraints for water supply, recreation, and flood control. A linear decision rule is used to make commitments based on existing storage. A study of the structure of this linear programing formulation reveals a direct solution in the special case when as much water as possible is reliably committed, a reasonable case for water supply. The structure of the model requires an adequate degree of continuity. This requirement generally restricts the usefulness of the model to multipurpose reservoirs. Using an execution rule to specify when within a decision period water will be released, we can extend the model to include constraints on storage within a decision period. Increasing the length of a decision period is seen to produce a large increase in reservoir capacity due to the making of commitments for a longer future of uncertain inflows. Numerical examples are provided that demonstrate the increased capacity required in a seasonal model over that required in a monthly model and the effect of using intraseasonal constraint

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00029

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

When water supplies of a river basin are drawn on for importation into other regions, the value of services provided by the river to the economy of the exporting region will diminish. To evaluate the opportunity costs implied by, such a transbasin diversion, a previous paper developed a linear and dynamic programing model. Now the model is applied to the Columbia and Snake rivers in and near Washington state. Energy, irrigation, and water quality are directly accounted for in the model; some other water products enter only arbitrarily, if at all. Several solutions illustrate that both the time pattern and the location of the diversion are significant factors in determining the magnitude of the opportunity costs incurred by the exporting region.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00043

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A computer simulation model developed for studying the operating characteristics of alternative inland waterway transportation systems is described. The first part of the model (Towgen) processes information concerning commodity flows and waterway fleet characteristics to derive a list of tows that will move on the waterway under study. The second part of the model (Watsim) simulates the movement of these tows through the ports, locks, pools, and channel delay areas comprising the waterway system. Results of applying the model to a 10‐lock subsystem on the Illinois waterway and upper Mississippi River are give

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00051

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

A new mathematical language (KSIM) has been developed and designed for interactive team use. Many features of KSIM make it particularly appropriate for use in formulating environmental policy. (1) It is easily grasped by the nonmathematical specialist and can communicate the workings of complex, nonlinear feedback systems to such people. (2) It allows for ready entry of such ‘soft’ subjective variables as environmental quality and national sovereignty. (3) It emphasizes the significance of structural relations rather than numerical prediction. (4) It is flexible and easily generalized. As an illustration of its use, we show how KSIM can facilitate discussion of the multiple impacts of possible Canadian water sales to the United Sta

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00065

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Factor analysis is used to examine the relationship between variations in shoreline physiography and perception of water level fluctuation by reservoir recreation users. Three elements of perception are examined: frequency of objection to water level fluctuation, frequency with which users feel that recreation enjoyment is reduced by water level fluctuation, and, as an element that may reflect perception, user days of recreation. A test of the relationship between factors and water level fluctuation is made by correlating factor scores with storage capacity on 11 reservoirs and three control lakes. Five factors are identified and evaluated in terms of their significance to recreation.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00081

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Discriminant analysis is a multivariate technique that uses a group of variables (discriminators) to obtain maximum separation between different groups of data. The discriminant function, a linear combination of the discriminators, obtained by this analysis may be used to assign an individual observation to the group that it most nearly resembles. Discriminant analysis was used to analyze factors related to the adequacy of standard slope protection on small dams. The structures were divided into two groups: one group that visibly needed additional slope protection and one group that appeared to be designed satisfactorily. The analysis showed that a linear combination of the fetch length, the surface area to length ratio (average width), and the plasticity index of the surface material on the dam could be used to distinguish between the two groups about 85% of the time. The equation defined by these parameters was scaled for cost and number of structures, and can be used to assign structures to the two groups such that the additional protection can be most economically provided.

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00093

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The role of lake effect snowstorms in the hydrology of the Lake Erie basin is estimated by using climatological data. By comparing monthly snowfall over areas affected by lake effect storms off Lake Erie and Lake Huron/Georgian Bay with a nearby nonaffected area, it was possible to isolate the contribution from frontal storm systems (including their augmentation due to orography) and from lake effect storm activity. These latter storms were found to contribute only 6% of the mean seasonal snowfall over the entire basin. For the snow belt southeast of Lake Erie, lake effect snowstorms provided less than 20% of the total seasonal snowfall. This percentage is low in comparison with other Great Lake snow belts because of the diminished storm activity resulting from the freezing over of Lake Erie by midwinter. The water equivalent of all snowfall over the Lake Erie basin is equivalent to a 1.07‐foot depth over the Lake Erie area. Only 0.06 foot of this depth results from lake effect snowstorm activit

ISSN:0043-1397    

DOI:10.1029/WR009i001p00103

年代:1973

数据来源: WILEY