摘要:

Systematic and disciplined assessment of individual abilities and achievements have had a substantial impact on educational processes and systems. The impact, however, has not always been positive. Where it provides teachers, students, parents, and others with information they do not already have, it offers real benefits. Where it genuinely diagnoses weaknesses and points to strategies for dealing with them, it can have significant impact. Where it simply labels and leads to treatment based on the labels, it can wreak great damage at a personal and social level.In this address, I will concentrate on the positives but I will not ignore the negatives. In building up a picture of what contemporary test theory can offer, I will look at the origins of our attempts to build psychological and educational scales and at some of the ways in which psychologists have sought to use the products of this “science of human measurement”. In discussing the possibilities that might flow from contemporary understandings of test theory, I will present a number of examples of recent applications in educat

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257568

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Concern for the possible legal liabilities of psychologists involved in the provision of services to the dangerous outpatient client has increased recently. The competing interests of the obligation of confidentiality towards the client and public interest in disclosure raise substantive ethical and legal issues that have not yet been explored in Australia. The matter is further complicated by epistemic problems concerning definitions of dangerousness, and accuracy in predicting future violent behaviour. Examination of American legal precedents reveals that in several states of the U.S.A. such difficulties have not precluded the imposition of legal liability on psychologists for the violent acts of their clients—thus resulting in the controversialduty to protect. Although Australian courts may be less willing to find that psychologists have a duty to protect the intended victims of their outpatient clients, it is suggested that psychologists should carefully review their practice when dealing with the dangerous clien

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257569

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The impact of information technology is being felt in education, government, and industry. It is radically changing the way we do things at home and in the workplace. This is felt in a myriad of ways associated with the automation of information flow and management—from office automation to home banking, from expert systems to adaptive sensors and production site robots, from computer aided drawing and instruction to brain imaging. The scientific basis of the emerging information, technologies is cognitive science, involving the relatively new development in our universities of multidisciplinary work concerned with the understanding and modelling of intelligence. The dramatic developments now taking place in this new science will impact increasingly upon the work of professional psychologists in industry, education, research, and clinical practic

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257570

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The bereaved individual may experience major emotional, physical, and cognitive changes. Counselling can facilitate the course of the grief process and various therapeutic techniques may be employed if there is evidence of complications in grief. In this context, a survey is undertaken of the utility of the principal therapeutic approaches, namely client‐centred counselling, Gestalt therapy, Gendlin's focusing technique, rational‐emotive therapy, transactional analysis, behaviour therapy, and transpersonal techniques. An eclectic approach to grief counselling is advoca

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257571

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thirty‐seven published reports of the relationship between various “individual variables” and success at learning control of heart rate via biofeedback are reviewed. The individual variables examined are locus of control, autonomic and cardiac perception, trait anxiety, imagery vividness, gender, personality correlates, and combinations of these. Differential outcomes are associated with each of these variables, but methodological limitations threaten the overall validity of much of this research. Suggestions for future research are made, and the issue of effective client‐treatment matching con

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257572

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

This study utilised the constructs employed in Schulz and Decker's (1985) study of the long‐term adjustment of 100 middle‐aged and elderly persons who had lived with spinal cord injury (SCI) for an average of 20 years. In a major departure from that study, a relatively younger group of persons with traumatic SCI was interviewed an average of 11 years after onset of disability. They answered questions concerning perceived control, health status, social support, satisfaction with social contact, and, in addition, recent life events. Three standardised instruments, the life satisfaction and depression scales utilised by Schulz and Decker, and a vocational identity scale were used to measure adjustment. Although the respondents reported mean levels of adjustment that were similar to those of Schulz and Decker's older group, they reported a greater degree of social support and perceived health status than the older group. Otherwise, the results confirmed Schulz and Decker's conclusions concerning the importance of perceived control and satisfying social contact as major predictors of adjustment. These findings were not mediated by age, time since the onset of injury, or severity of inj

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257573

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) profiles of 156 male and 52 female children presenting with learning disability at a hospital clinic for learning disabled children were cluster analysed yielding a five‐group solution. Similarities were observed between these subtypes and those commonly reported in the literature. However, when the profiles of these subtypes were reordered in terms of Bannatyne's (1968) categories, three distinct profiles emerged: Sequential Deficit Group, General Language Deficit Group, and Attention Deficit Grou

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257574

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The temperament of three groups of 1‐ to 3‐year‐old children from Italy and Australia was compared using Australian and Italian versions of the Toddler Temperament Scale (Fullard, McDevitt,&Carey, 1984). Italians, Australians, and Italo‐Australians (Italian parent but living in Australia) differed on Intensity, Threshold, Approach, and Persistence dimensions of temperament, in ways which supported the stereotype of the sociable and “emotional” Italian temperament type. Overall, the Australians and the Italians were most different, with the Italo‐Australians in between. Developmental differences in all groups were also observed. Mothers' overall ratings of the child's temperament was predicted by similar variables in the two Australian groups, but not in the Italian group. The findings support an interactional view of child temperament in its effects o

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257575

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

The current study provides a further demonstration of population stereotypes in a study ostensibly investigating telepathy. Subjects show a strong tendency to choose certain predictable responses, and this phenomena can be used to create the impression that extrasensory communication has occurred. No correlation was found between the tendency to choose stereotypical responses and scores on the Belief in the Paranormal Scale. The high‐belief group were more convinced than the low‐belief group that ESP had been involved throughout the study, even following debrief

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257576

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

Thalbourne's (1990) latest criticism of our population stereotype study (Grimmer&White, 1986) identifies yet again four deficiencies in our technique and yet again observes that we have failed to master appropriate experimental techniques. We respond to the issues he raised.

ISSN:0005-0067    

DOI:10.1080/00050069208257577

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1992

数据来源: WILEY