摘要:

ABSTRACTThe U.S. National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade is proposing a National Water Atlas as a contribution to the improvement of the quality of information available for this Nation's large‐scale planning and management studies. The atlas would provide hydrological maps of the United States and its principal basins and of its territories. The nationwide maps would be at a scale of 1:5,000,000 and the 17 principal basins at 1:2,500,000. The principal basins will be those delineated by the Water Resources Council. Wherever feasible and appropriate, the data will be presented with a common standard period of record, preferably 1941–70, as a base. Map subjects would include station networks, radiation, precipitation, snow and ice, evaporation, atmospheric vapor fluxes, surface‐water discharge, ground‐water storage and discharge, chemical quality, sediment discharge, water temperatures, and soil moisture. The list of maps subjects and types of data shown within each subject are flexible and open‐ended so that additional maps could be added to the atlas as information is available or as new ne

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00430.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe relation between sediment and water quality involves the individual relations between sediment and the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water as these characteristics determine the suitability of water for an intended use. Both the physical and chemical properties of fine‐grained sediments must be considered in evaluating these relations, whereas only the physical properties of coarse‐grained sediments are significant. Most of the literature concerning this subject has considered sediment only as a physical entity. In amount, it is the prime pollutant and is one of the major considerations in evaluating the suitability of water for an intended use. Losses in the United States from sediment and associated flood water damages are measured in billions of dollars annually. Sediments also indirectly affect water suitability through their (physical) influences on biological activity. Fine‐grained sediments, that is, clay minerals and amorphous and organic materials, have chemically active surfaces. These sediments may either sorb ions from solution or release ions to solution depending upon the chemical environment. Unfortunately, not enough is known about the ternary system–sediment‐water‐dissolved chemical load–to adequately define its influence on either the biological characteristics of water or the suitability of water for various long‐term uses. This paper attempts to define the problems concerning the role of sediment in this

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00431.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTSeveral types of watershed program areas, principally but not solely those operated under authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act, are greatly altering the American landscape for good. While structural measures tend to be the most spectacular feature of these watersheds, land treatment measures (soil, water, woodland, and wildlife conservation practices) actually are basic to the long term stability and maximum contributions of these watershed programs.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00432.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWhile reservoirs are constructed to regulate stream flows for several beneficial purposes including flood control, water supply, hydroelectric power, irrigation and low flow augmentation and to enhance water based recreation, they create problems of water quality that offer a new dimension to the task of efficient operation. Among other potential deleterious effects, thermal stratification in reservoirs inhibits mixing and causes a deterioration of dissolved oxygen levels in lower layers. Several investigators have examined the thermal properties of reservoirs and resultant effects upon dissolved oxygen and have suggested alternative schemes for alleviating detrimental effects (1,2,3,4,5). The objective of this paper is to outline a methodology for evaluating some of these alternatives in a river‐reservoir system where downstream water quality control is one of several purposes to be served by the reservoi

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00433.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTOur immense national water quality control program has been launched on a wholly empirical basis, much as our ancestors initiated early navigation improvements and flood control. Not only has there been no effort to determine the benefits of water quality control; the theoretical groundwork for optimization has not been developed. Three main national objectives for consideration are national economic efficiency, preserving and improving the national environment for man's use and development (conservation), and regional development. Although popular at present, the regional development objective is not particularly useful from an economic viewpoint. Efficiency objectives other than environmental can be evaluated but are apt to be minor. Other water quality benefits can be broken down appropriately into four main categories: (a) man's recreational environment; (b) man's home environment; (c) man's working environment; (d) intangibles related to scientific, historic, health and cultural values. In management of water quality, various technical relationships must be considered, particularly as to quantity of water needed for waste disposal, and relationship of this use to water supply withdrawals. Advanced waste treatment must be compared with other alternatives, not only of flow augmentation, but also technological process changes, distribution of effluents, and artificial river aeration.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00434.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTWhen the boundaries of nations cover the same watershed, who owns the border water? The answer to that question is the premise of this paper. A discussion of international water law is given. Implementing the law is portrayed in an outline for (1) administration, (2) a procedure for data collecting, and (3) a computer system for data processing and determining ownership of water for each country. Special situations are considered, and a conclusion developed. After international law between two countries has been established, determining the ownership of boundary water is both feasible and practical. A computer method is shown whereby this is accomplished. The unique aspect of the method is the fact that cooperation and mutual esteem between individuals of both countries are necessary in order to obtain results.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00435.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThere have been two predominate approaches to the modeling of the Great Lakes water system: physical models and mathematical models. The physical models have been of individual lakes whereas the mathematical models have varied from models of individual processes such as evaporation occurring in one portion of one lake to models which include all water quantity components for all five Great Lakes.The assumptions and limitations of the two approaches are presented along with the kinds of results to be expected from each type of modeling. Examples of previous modeling efforts are given to illustrate these assumptions, limitations, and results. Other areas requiring further research are outlined.

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00436.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTInternational trade in water has been pioneered by coastal or island city‐states, by areas subject to boundary revision after a water supply system had been established, by informal accommodations among good neighbors, and by co‐riparians agreeing to negotiate on compensation as an element in water allocation. Specific examples are described.Formulations of criteria for an equitable agreement for possible transfers of Canadian water to the United States have been published by Laycock and by Kuiper. Many other Canadians have expressed serious concern over the long‐range implications of water export and have frequently proposed restrictions which they believe that Canada should insist upon in any negotiations. Explicitly or implicitly in nearly all Canadian discussion of water export is the conviction that international transfer, should it be permitted at all, should occur at some mutually satisfactory point or points on the border with all questions or sources and routes within Canada being left to the agencies within Canada selected by the Canadians for the

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00437.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTFrom a historical point of view, man's concern about the health and protection of water supply is the history of the dramatic reduction in acute communicable diseases due to water‐borne micro‐organisms. Now that these have been essentially eliminated, there has been a great reduction in concern by scientists and the medical profession with the health aspects of contaminated water. This, in spite of the fact that many concerned people and national advisory groups have reminded us that an increasing number of possible chemical and other hazards find their way into our water supplies and expose human populations to contaminants at low concentration levels without reliable knowledge as to their health effects. Too little research is being done on the health effects of chemicals, pesticides, and viruses. The fact that large populations are being exposed to these possible hazards raises legal and public policy questions. Persons who are largely ignorant of the possible harm of these substances are being exposed to them without consent. Often low level exposure to environmental contaminants is not known or not discovered until considerable time has passed. This raises the question concerning the burden which should be imposed on industry and others who introduce new substances in the environment. The best approach in solving this problem is to prohibit the new substance from being introduced into the environment until it has been shown by reliable studies that even low level exposure is not likely to harm human hea

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00438.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY

摘要:

ABSTRACTThe design and economics of a single‐purpose, gas‐turbine‐powered, vapor‐compression distillation plant for evaporation of sea water are discussed. Results are presented from standpoint of process description, vapor‐compression optimization, plant design, and economics. For comparison, data are presented for smaller and much larger water‐only vapor‐compression distillation concepts studied at the Oak Ridge Nation

ISSN:1093-474X    

DOI:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1970.tb00439.x

出版商:Blackwell Publishing Ltd    

年代:1970

数据来源: WILEY